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PHYSIOGNOMONY 



AND 



CRANIOLOGY, 



OR 



A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY, 

BY J. D. L. ZENDER, M. D., OP PARIS, 

Corresponding Member of the Phrenol gical Society of Paris, Member of the 

Phrenological Society, and of the Botany Medical Society of 

the Physicians and Surgeons of *\ew York. 



THIS LITTLE WORK COMPRISES A REVIEW OF THE SYSTEMS OF DR. 

GALL'S CRANIOLOGY, OF LAVATEr's PHYSIOGNOMY AND OF PUY 8E- 

OUIl's MAGNETISM, EXPOUNDED ACCORDING TO THE RULES OF 

PHYSIOLOGY, METAPHYSICS, AND PRESENT EXPERIENCE, 

TOGETHER WITH THE PHRENOLOGICAL OR PHYSIOGNOMICO-CRANI- 
OLOGICAL DELINEATION OF THE CHARACTER AND TALENTS OF 



AS MADE BY 




AT 



ON THE 



DAY OF 




Wisdom 3hineth in the face of the wise ; but the eyes of the fools are in the ends of 
the earth. Proverbs xvii. 24. 

TvZBt atxurov. Know thyself. Solon. 

The proper study of mankind is man. Pope 

The art of knowing men' is as necessary and natural as language. 
and Burr. 

The outward man is only the shell of the man within, Dvpaty, 



Camparis! la 



$h(Mtorl4>hfa : 

PRINTED FOR, PUBLISHED, AND FOR 8ALE BY THE AUTHOR. 



BROWN, BICKINO * GUILBERT, PRINTERS, NO. 56 N. THIRD ST. 

1843. 



A}. 



JEiDS BttnHWI PBV8IOONOMO0 ASD CRUtlOiiOM. 




Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, by J. D. L. Zender, 
M. D., in the Clerk's Office of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



6 &3 



PHRENOLOGY 

OR 

PHYSIOGNOMICO-CRANIOLOGY. 



INTRODUCTION. 
NEUROLOGY, ANIMAL MAGNETISM. 

Phrenology (tytvoe xo>or, treatise of the mind) is a science which treats of 
the knowledge of Man by the developments of the body, and particularly by 
those of the Face and of the Cranium. Hence we shall treat after this In- 
troduction of two parts, viz : Physiognomony and Craniology. 

The end of that Science is to know our present dispositions and capacities 
as well as those of our fellow men, in order to make the best of them, to 
correct and improve them, to discover our vocation, to judge as it were and 
with some probability of our future destiny, to manage the education of chil- 
dren, to select friends and inmates, to shun the wicked, and to know how to 
deal in all business with all men. 

Man, the most perfect of all earthly beings, consists, as every one admits, 
of a soul and of a body which have been created to act conjointly in one per- 
sonality. 

The Soul is a spiritual, simple, indivisible, unextended substance, an emana- 
tion from the Deity, present to the whole body, and chiefly to the brain. It 
possesses two faculties, viz : the Understanding and the Will, alias, the Mind 
and the Heart. The Understanding has to do with perceiving and reflecting. 
The Will has to do with setting the perceptions and reflections to internal or 
external actions. 

The Body is a material, extended, divisible substance made up of divers 
primary elements. It is endowed with a two-fold life, viz: the vegetative, 
nutritive, organic or interior life residing in the viscera, (the stomach being 
the principal organ, and among the least animated beings the sole organ to 
maintain that life). The other life residing in the brain is called the animal 
sensitive or exterior life, (the external senses with their nervous system being 
the principal organs to maintain that life in all animals). The personality 
of man possesses a third life called the intellectual or moral life of the soul 
(through the body) in study with itself and in contemplation with its Creator, 



4 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

In order to excite that three-fold life above mentioned, the Almighty Maker 
had given hts fiat and the Light or Electricity had been made. 

That primary light, the first created being, is the cause of all the phe- 
nomena of the universe, the principle that explains motion, vitality, magnetism, 
electricity, heat, galvanism, gravitation, cohesion, attraction and repulsion. 
That electrical force works by polarized currents, that is, endowed with a 
positive and a negative pole, the difference of which lays in the disposition 
of the moleculoe of matter, the positive pole being probably saturated with 
oxygen, and the negative with nitrogen. It pervades all substances, estab- 
lishing harmony among them and among their integrant parts. Indeed we 
see in man all the phenomena of electricity or to speak technically the most 
complicated galvanic battery. 

The human body has all its organs lined with a muco-serous membrane, 
mucous or positive on one side and serous or negative on the other. Being 
surrounded by the atmosphere, it receives in the lungs the oxygen with elec- 
tricity, the nervimotor agent ; the gaz is distributed in centripetal and centri- 
fugal currents ; that first action is called electro-chemical incitation. Then 
nervimotion takes place either with or without conscience : it is a perpetual 
motion of the organs under the control of the nervimotor electricity, or agent 
producing i nervation. 

Now, the impressions of external objects, upon the senses of the body 
control directly or indirectly a double system of nerves called the Great 
Sympathetic or Ganglion nerve, and the cerebro-spinal axis. 

The Great Sympathetic nerve which is out of the influence of the Will, 
resides in the chest or viscera, and constitutes one sphere of activity having 
its two poles in the pelvis and forming besides the great pole with the brain. 
It ramifies from its centre every where into many nerves, till they go and 
lose themselves in the brain, thus exciting the vegetative life, such as the 
heart, liver and stomach. 

The cerebrospinal axis which is under the influence of the Will, and 
which presents more especially the phenomena of inervation, resides in the 
brain and in the spinal marrow for the excitement of animal life, and rami- 
fies down to the extremities of the body. The brain forms another sphere 
of activity, having its two poles, and forming besides the other great pole 
with the pelvis, the spinal marrow acting as a conductor, between the brain 
and the pelvis. 

The spinal marrow contains two kinds of nerves, the encephalic or sentient 
nerves for the service of the external senses and of the understanding, and 
the spinal or motor nerves for the mandates of the Will, then the brain, where 
the sentient nerves reside, is exercised with the operations of the understanding, 
whilst the spinal marrow holds under its control all the contractile organs and 
thereby is a link uniting the interior life of the sympathetic nerve with the 
exterior life of the brain. 

The nerves are thus the natural conductors of the currents of electricity 
which the external objects radiate. They convey to the brain only the ma- 
terials of ideas (nihil est in intellectu quod non prius fuerit in sensu,) by the 
molecular motion operated by the nervous secretion which takes place from 
that radiation of electricity, and thus the brain is the instrument or organ of 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

the soul. Inervation is greater as the nervous centre is more voluminous, 
and as it produces thereby more sensibility ; on the contrary, irritation or 
unfelt impression predominates more as the cerebral nerves are less numerous. 

That inervation is the cause of the vital energy of individuals, I would 
say, is the vital force itself, it is the cause of many other phenomena, such 
as those sparks of light which shine in the eyes of lively or angry persons; 
those sparks in the eyes of lions, snakes, etc., on the body of insects, from 
the hair of men, horses, cats, etc. Inervation, at last, is the cause of the 
exaltation which takes place in madness, delirium, flights of fancy, and all 
passions, etc. 

The limits I prescribed to me in this little book hinder me from expati- 
ating at large in that vast field of intellectual philosophy in which we gain 
daily ground, I will content myself with what I can cope with the subject. 

The senses of the body being continually struck and influenced by the 
surrounding objects, have thereby a tendency to be blunted and to be attacked 
by atrophy and death ; then the antagonists are food and sleep. Food makes 
up for the material parts of the body wasted by its exertions, sleep makes 
up for our vital force wasted by its exertions, the absence of which is felt 
by the sensation of fatigue. During sleep, atmospheric air is inhaled in the 
lungs, caloric or electricity is disengaged and animalized, the process of the 
human galvanic battery (between the brain and the pelvis) takes place for the 
generation of a new supply of oxygeno electro nervous fluid which accumu- 
lates itself in the brain as in its proper reservoir. 

The brain is a soft pulpy substance, like a big nerve added to the medulla 
oblongata and expands itself in fibrotfs bundles, consisting of a series of la- 
mina folded on each other like coils, the most proper form for the accumu- 
lation of electricity ; then there is no waste of fluid, because all the external 
senses were insulated or shut up, being in a negative state or in a state of 
irritation and exhaustion, although there is always a little of that fluid spent 
for the voluntary motion during sleep. When the brain is sufficiently charged 
with electricity during the period of six or seven hours, the body awakes, 
that is to say, the nervous fluid or secretion has reached the extremities of 
the nerves and the galvanic generation being completed, the spending of that 
fluid or of the vital action begins with the sensibility and contractility of the 
nerves with regard to external objects, so that our communication with the 
physical world is a continual spending or breaking of the current of our 
electricity. 

The Sensorium commune is at the aboutissant of the cerebral masses 
and of the five sensitive organs, ending with the Pineal gland. That gland 
secretes and excretes probably the electro-nervous fluid, half spiritualizing it 
so as to communicate with the soul. Those microscopic or infinitely mi- 
nute atoms of the nervous secretion elect] ifieJ and polarized, that is, set in mo- 
tion by the electrical force, represent the images or materials of our ideas, as well 
as their relations and combinations ; they are perceived by the intuitive power 
of the soul. The soul being as it were in contact with that electrical force, 
has consciousness of those ideas, of their relations and consequences, which, 
existing independently from tur mind, but dependently upon our cerebral or-. 
jjanization, explains the word perception as the action of attending to or 






6 A MANUAL OP PHRENOLOGY. 

observing one object, judgment as a perception of two objects and of therr 
relation, reflection as a perception of judgments. The soul wills by itself, and 
immediately its mandates are obeyed by its reaction upon the motor nerve* 
which stand ready, as it were, to receive the electrical shock. 

The doctrine of animal magnetism, is no other but that of animal elec- 
tricity. The natural sleep is produced, as I have stated before, by the ex* 
ternal objects having wasted the electro-nervous secretion or fluid out of the 
sensitive and motor nerves* occasioning a rushing of oxygen into the lungs 
to generate a new supply ; the magnetic or attracting sleep is produced by 
the Magnetizer pumping out as it were, with his eyes or hands, that nervous 
fluid from the sensitive nerves, rendering the body insensible and inducing 
the negative state whilst he stands in the positive, and as that state of the 
magnetized was not demanded by the want of a new supply of fluid in the 
brain, the nervous secretion of the motor nerve is not wasted and is good for 
action, (the brain continuing to send the fluid,) whilst the galvanic generation 
will take place but little, owing to the supply of vital nervous fluid, furnished 
by the magnetizer. 

When the magnetic state has been once induced, the brain has received 
from the magnetizer a certain polarization or direction by poles in the mole- 
culce of the nervous fluid, by which the magnetizer overpowers his patient, 
and turns him and his ideas very nearly as he pleases* exciting various mole- 
cular actions on his nerves and producing often unwillingly illusion upon his 
manner of seeing objects, in the same way as when we magnetise metals, we 
polarize them and we can change their polarity as we please.. The patient 
in his turn can fall again by himself into that stale of magnetism or of ec» 
stacy by only concentrating his mind,, at first with,, and then without the aid 
and the thought of his operator; then, as soon as the patient wants to sleep* 
the galvanic process of generating the fluid begins again, and, as the brain 
does not send any vital fluid to the sensitive nerves, the latter are soon 
wasted or disengaged of their electricity and the sleep is induced. 

The rapport or communication exists between the operator and the patient 
as long as the polarization has not been changed by the operator. In na? 
tural (somnambulism or rather) somnolency or magnetism, the sleep is pro- 
duced by the natural organization of the individual, according to the same 
theory as above,, and the rapport is establishsd with every person that falls par- 
ticularly into their sympathy or antipathy and sometimes only with those 
that fall into the views and processes of the actions they want to perform. 
They awake when the brain is done making its supply, or by accident, when 
a negative substance, like water for instance, is thrown at them to oblige their 
previous relative positive state to rush out. The awakening, in animal mag- 
netism, either by the operator or by any one he has polarized with the patient, is 
performed, either by interrupting the nervous polarization, (as in the waving 
or making passes backwards,) or by commanding the patient to make the 
efforts himself for awaking; then the belief of the patient gives him strength 
and makes the brain overcome the barrier, return to his usual polarization 
and pass its fluid into the sensitive nerves, which awake. 

The subjects for magnetism, are persons of a very sleepy disposition, who 
fiave weak sensitive nerves although their motor nerves be strong. Nervou 



INTRODUCTION 7 

constitutions are seldom fit for sleeping, because the sensibility of the whole 
nervous system is too vivid, to be concentrated. 

Every person possesses more or less positive electricity, heat, or vital force : 
therefore the positive will magnetize the negative. One is said to be positive 
who has a stronger mind, a more cultivated brain, a greater faith and charity 
and the formal intention to produce the act for the good of the patient. The 
process of magnetizing is of various ways. I have done it by fascinating 
the eyes of the patients, with my eyes, with or without the contact of the 
legs. In other patients I have laid my hands upon their head, or pointed 
some of my fingers between the two eyes. In other patients 1 have made 
the passes, from head to shoulders, from the shoulders to the extremities of 
the hands, the latter were often raised by attraction before the pitii'nt was 
sleeping ; passing again from the head over the face, then to the breast, then 
to the knees, then down to the feet : all those passes were made very slowly. 

My vital power employed generally five minutes to put subjects to sleep for 
the first time, and the next time, was the business of one minute more or 
less, and at any distance from the house. 

The electrical force is constantly attracting and repelling every moleculoe 
in any matter or object; therefore all matter must be in a continual state of 
vibration; accordingly the nerves may be compared to the strings of a violin 
that possess more vibrations as they are more frequently used ; when they are 
exercised to one kind of sensation, they acquire for that sensation a certain 
number of determined vibrations of electrical or polarized moleculee. So all 
the sensations are as many series of polarized vibrating moleculee. Then, 
one of those nervous series may be called to action, either by the will send- 
ing a. nervous secretion on it through the brain, or mechanically by some 
remnant of nervous secretion, or by the magnetizer striking or exciting that 
nervous chord as in Phreno-magnetism, where I have frequently exhibited 
the phenomena of it in persons totally unacquainted with Craniology. Tho 
magnetiser can thus excite all ihe organs at pleasure — he can make a patient 
like to be religious, if the latter is not so, he can make him be cross, proud, 
desirous to sing, to fight, etc. 

As all matter radiates light or caloric, the magnetizer's atmosphere ra- 
diates still more powerfully on his patient, so that the patient can recognize 
his operator by that new electrical or nervous feeling, and is easily attracted 
by him. Sympathy is produced by the greater quantity of electro-nervous 
fluid flowing from the magnetizer into the patient and hastening into the cur- 
rents existing between the brain and the great ganglions or sympathetic nerves. 

By that radiation of the atmosphere of the magnetizer, the sound of his 
words, his actions, his touch, smell and taste of objects are nothing else but 
as many various series of electrical or polarized moleculoe sent forth with 
their strong polarization into the senses of the patients, to control their 
weak polarization or negative state ; even the magnctizer's own ideas and 
thoughts with which his atmosphere is, as it were imbibed, are willed out by 
his soul and combining themselves with the half spiritual substance, clectri- 
city, (or the electrical force producing the currents,) all of them are vibrated 
from the magnctizer's radiating atmosphere, by his electro-nervous fluid into the 
magnetized patient's atmosphere through his skin, mouth, nose* etc. Thea 



8 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the soul of the patient perceives the electrical sensations, is conscious of them 
and will recollect them when it is brought again in the same state of ecstacy . 

Space and time arc only a co-ordinate succession of actions of the material 
organs of sense ; they are null with the soul. The soul will communicate 
at any distance with a magnetizer and as rapidly as thoughts follow each 
other ; the soul forsakes as it were the body in this case, and then it is pre- 
sent to the magnetizer and wherever it thinks to be. 

Lucidity, Clearsight or Clairvoyance is a perfect state of unison, quietness, 
sympathy and polarization between the magnetizer and the magnetized ; 
so that the least irregularity of feelings, the least fear, etc, will disturb that 
state and influence the patient accordingly. It is seldom perfect, but when 
it is so, the patient can see at any distance, any object whatsoever, he can 
sometimes read according as the polarization is perfect. 

Dreams in natural sleep are produced by some remnant of nervous secre- 
tion on the sensitive nerves, which was not disengaged or wasted, then that 
secretion moves the nerves, whose impressions go and reach the brain, 
awakening any cerebral organs on their way and vibrating a series of ner- 
vous moleculoe for the formation of an idea which is perceived by the soul 
and which the latter recollects when the body is awake ; but the words and ac- 
tions are not recollected, because they were not elicited by the consciousness 
of the soul acting from impression in the brain but by the habit of motion, 
some motor nerves being excited by a remnant of nervous secretion, which 
had not yet been wasted outwardly. 

The thoughts, words and actions performed during the state of ecstacy are not 
recollected in the waking state, because they had no relations with the sensitive 
organs and therefore left no sensitive impression in the brain, but they are 
recollected in the repetition of the magnetic state by the various series of 
electrical moleculoe produced in the former sleep, and excited again. 

A magnetizer can then make his patient talk, sing, walk, dance, play, think* 
smell, taste and feel like himself. He can, excite the sympathetic nerves of 
every member of an assembly, as some kinds of preachers do, and produce at 
once the state of ecstacy partial or complete in almost all of them, their 
faith, imagination, and desire of imitation working towards that effect.* 

Faith, (Marvellousness, No. 19) can work miracles as far as to remove 
mountains, says our Saviour; but faith may exist without charity and then 
it is nothing else but a mere sounding cymbal. That faith so great in the 
primitive ages of Christianity, has produced at all times and in all places and 
especially among the first christians miracles of all kinds r those miracles 
proved the faith or good intention of persons who testified for their religion. 



*I have magnetized since 183S, and the history of my experiments would 
fill a volume. The end of magnetism is to effect the cure of diseases, to 
make it act as a tonic or a stimulant, to inspire us with an attractive union* 
not only with our creator but with all men. The cure is caused by the heat 
or electricity of the magnetizer polarizing the body, concocting the humours 
and fluids, re-establishing their circulation. The operation consists only in 
the imposition of the hands being in a state of heat, without any necessity 
of putting to sleep. The following diseases are those in which animal clec- 



INTRODUCTION. $ 

Therefore we see a great many miracles in the Catholic church, we see not 
only the superior miracles of our Saviour, those of his apostles and of many 
holy personages, but also miracles among dissenters, such as the cures per- 
formed at the tomb of deacon Paris, the acts of penance of the convultion* 
mires de St, Medard, the cures operated upon patients, by certain prayers, 
ceremonies, bread pills, amulets, talismans, etc., so much for the force of 
faith, even abused. 

Magnetism, animal attraction, or power of one individual upon another, 
so well known by the Egyptian priests, by the Pythoness of Apollo, revived 
by Paracelse in the 13th century, completely established by Puy Segur and 
continuing to be improved by us, is the most sacred thing left by Providence 
to a certain constitution of men chosen as it were for the good of humanity. 
It is a sacred deposit not to be abused in vain and whose dispensation must 
be made according to the need of men, and fortunately, experience shows 
that it has been very seldom abused, owing to the combinations of circum- 
stances hindering that abuse, and that the magnetic power is greater in more 
benevolent and learned men than in others. 

Magnetism aided by faith, will work as it were miracles, and still more, 
when perfected by charity or benevolence. The soul leaves as it were the 
body and the earth, to put itself in a state of vision, ecstacy, or in communica- 
tion with God and the angelsjike St. Francis Xavier and others did ; for, the 
more the body is withdrawn from terrestrial objects, the more the mind and 
the heart strive to know and love God more and more, and thereby the soul 
approaches nearer to the deity. 

Imagination (Ideality, No. 32) means the power of the soul to perceive 
and form ideal pictures of objects whether true or fantastical. That defini- 
tion has been very much misapplied for faith and conception. The latter is 
distinct from imagination, and means the intuitive power of perceiving the 
reflected intellectual objects which cannot be described by any image, such 
as mathematical and metaphysical reasonings, principles and conclusions. 

Faith or belief may exist either with imagination or with conception. 
Scarcely ever do the metaphysician and the mathematician abuse their imagina- 
tion, they may abuse their conception, that is : they may conceive false conclu- 
sions and then believe or have faith in them ; whilst, on the other side, persons 
who have the nervous temperament predominant, being more susceptible to be 
struck by external objects, are more apt to abuse their imagination, that is; 
to form fantastical pictures of things and then have faith in them ; the 
association of fanciful ideas is generated by the hurriedness, number of 
polarized sensations coming in too promptly from every part of the nerves ; 



tricity can cure partially and with the aid of medicines, or completely and 
without any medicine : rheumatic and neuralgia diseases, abscesses, asthma, 
gout, dyspepsia, tic douloureux, palsy, St. Vitus' dance, weakness from contu- 
sions and sprains, insanity, epilepsy, pains in the head or breast, diseases of the 
spine and complaints incident to females, etc. I operated a great many cures ; 
I use animal electricity in cases of sluggishness to prepare to animal elec- 
tricity, and I employ all kinds of medicine allopathic as well as homoepathic, ac- 
cording to the acute or chronic diseases, age, constitution, etc, of the patient. 



10 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

Then begins the exaltation of the nervous system; when it is carried on to& 
far, it produces a derangement in the polarization and disordered state of the 
nerves. 

Insanity is nothing else but that derangement of polarization of equilib- 
rium between the brain and the pelvis, by which some disease ensues either 
in the brain or in the viscera. Insanity is partial when confined only to one 
or a few cerebral organs. 

The brain, besides being the organ of the soul is an aggregate of organs* 
each of which has a peculiar function to perform. 

Those organs correspond to as many primitive faculties or fundamental 
and innate powers of the soul, the latter principle being proved by the dif- 
ference of genius in all men for every kind of arts and sciences. 

The exercise and development of those functions depend upon organic 
conditions and extraneous circumstances, such as : the size of the organs, 
the temperament, the age, the air, the place, the time, etc. 

The use and abuse of those faculties depend upon the will, and then their 
expression comes out on the Physiognomy of the body and especially on the 
face by the repeated actions of the motor nerves. 

The brain gives directly the form to the scull, and we ascertain by its 
measurement the quantity of the brain, or the amount of every craniological 
organ, and we call that part Craniology. 

The brain gives indirectly to the face a form adapted to the action of the 
cerebral organs, and we ascertain by those features the quality of the brain 
or the use we have made of the craniological organs. That assertion is 
proved by the fact that a great many people in the country or among the 
Indians, have been found to possess the organ of music, of mathematics, of 
painting, or of drawing without having any knowledge of those arts, and 
therefore without the physiognomies requisite. Those organs show only that 
they could have studied those fine arts with advantage in youth, ceteris pari- 
bus ; but they were neglected. On the other side, people have been found 
to possess a knowledge of arts and sciences, the organs of which were rather 
small or appeared to be so, and the soit-disant Phrenologists, whom I call 
CTaniologists pronounced those people incompetent, when their very physiog- 
nomies proved the contrary. 

The craniological or cerebral organs, whether large or small, can be stim- 
ulated, as we have seen, by phreno-magnetism, and consequently can also be 
stimulated by other external objects, so as to come to a certain sphere of 
perfection in proportion to their size coeteris paribus. That stimulation of the 
cerebral nerves takes place by the rules of inervation. 

The size of craniological organs coeteris paribus is a measure of power in 
their functions, those organs are increased and strengthened by repeated 
stimulation and exercise which influence their sensibility and activity, Coe- 
teris paribus means the other circumstances being equal. Those circum- 
stances are health, temperament and physiognomical features, so that a large 
head, a small head, a large brain, and a small brain, may happen to have the 
•same degree of understanding and feeling whether in a great or a small amount. 

A good health is necessary for the good performance of vital functions, 
disease is an obstacle to that end. The temperaments as another circum- 
stance, are treated of in the 2nd chapter of Physiognomony. 



INTRODUCTION. II 

The physiognomical features are spoken of more particularly in the 4th 
chapter of Physiognomony. So we see that Physiognomony is the neces- 
sary concomitant of craniology, and puts people to their right standard by 
expressing what use they have made of their faculties and what really they 
are. 

It is a general fact that every one judges of his neighbour physiognomi- 
cally and even craniologically without any knowledge either of those tech- 
nical names or of the rules of those sciences ; the cause of it is a natural 
instinct, like that of music or of mathematics, which is possessed more or 
less by every animated beirg and which we call physiognomical tact The 
latter consists in a more or less susceptibility of the nerves to be stimulated 
and acted upon by the various forms of external objects, and especially in a 
more or less sensibility of the optic nerve of one individual to attraction or 
repugnancy when he looks at the eyes of another. We might refer the per- 
fection of that tact to individuality, form and philosophism (craniology, Nos. 
21, 22, 35) whilst one views at once a whole vast subject such as the works 
of nature and arts, human nature, etc. 

Indeed, if we consider Man, all is homogenious in him, the form, the sta- 
ture, the colour the skin, the voice, etc ; Man constitutes one whole where- 
with all the parts ought to harmonize ; for no part can be conceived in a 
state of insulation from the rest ; every one is made up in its own place, with 
a relation to the surrounding ones, and then to the whole, and with develop- 
ments influenced by more or less actions of the brain. Every indication from 
the body being partial, has to be combined and summed up in order to know 
the result or judgment of the whole. 

Since the craniological organs grow with the brain, it follows that they 
all are innate and are more or less developed in every individual. 

Notwithstanding that innateness, Man through his moi or individual con- 
sciousness, is free in his actions, that is to say, he can deliberate, choose, 
reject, act or not to act, use or abuse those craniological organs or faculties, 
and therefore he makes himself his own physiognomy which is nothing else 
but the expression of the use or abuse of craniological organs ; in a few words, 
Man builds himself his own physiognomical house or appearance upon the 
craniological foundations or organs given to him by Nature. 

The different signs of Phrenology are distinguished into passive and active 
which both are divided into natural and acquired. 

The active natural signs belong to pathognomy or language of action ; 
the active acquired belong to mimick or pantomime ; the passive natural be- 
long to craniology and semeiotics, and the passive acquired belong to physi- 
ognomy and sometimes semeiotic and craniology. 

As the human machine is, with regard to external objects, constantly re- 
ceiving, working and giving out, it leads to the division of its organs into 
receiving, elaborating and giving. The receiving organs are the senses of 
the body, the elaborating are in the temperaments and the giving out organs 
are the phrenological organs or the physiognomical features and the cranio- 
logical faculties. Since the receiving and the elaborating organs as well as 
pathognomy, semeiotic, mimick, etc., arc branches of Physiognomony we 
will include them accordingly and we will treat of two great parts: Physi- 
ognomony and Craniology. 



H A MANCTAL OF PHRENOLOGY 



PART I 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 

Physiognomony (Quo-ts; yvo/uiocvy nature's indication) is the science of the 
Physiognomy (<bu<rx vopos, nature's law) of man, or of the results of the 
qualities of the brain or of the soul, expressed on the body of man. 

Physiognomonical sensation or tact* and daily experience of facts teach 
us the following principles ; 

1. Each individual brings into the world from his parents a prototype form,, 
which has its regularity of growth and perfection assigned by nature : if he 
studies that nature and follows it without being debarred by sickness or averse 
circumstances of life, he has attained the perfection of his sphere or the end of 
his creation for the greatest glory of his almighty maker. If on the contrary, 
his features have been deformed by sickness, bad education and corrupt 
manners, the Phrenologist must ascertain that primitive form and judge of 
the deviations from it. 

2. Every individual differs from another of his species and that exterior 
difference of the face has a necessary analogy with the interior difference of 
the mind and of the heart : hence the face is the mirror of the soul. 

3. Each affection of the heart and each reaction of the mind are expressed 
and manifested externally by different signs; the same faculties are con- 
stantly expressed each one by the same parts of the face or by the same 
particular motions of those parts, therefore there is a particular physiognomy 
for every faculty. 

4. The expression of those sentiments is powerfully modified by the con- 
stitution or temperament of each individuality, that is by the elasticity or the 
rigidity of the living fibre of which the organs are composed, and chiefly 
by the play and flexibility of the muscles, vessels, and nerves, which form 
the soft parts of the face. The vital energy and the nervous sensibility, es- 
pecially, vary considerably in the divers individuals of the same species; 
hence, the same objects or the same impressions are far from producing iden- 
tical sentiments among human individuals. 

5. The divers traits or features of the face do not concur equally nor in 
the same manner to the expression of our capacities and dispositions ; the 
forehead, for instance, dominates more for the understanding, the nose more 
for delicacy of feelings, the mouth and chin more for sensuality, etc. 

6. The expression is still more susceptible of a certain progressive im- 
provement by which it acquires more or less correction, gravity, delicacy, 
elegance or gracefulness, in proportion as the individual who exhibits them* 
has received a nicer and more careful education, and as the circumstances 
and society in which he has lived,, were of a nature to give to his manners 
more civilized and refined forms* 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 13 

7. The habit of falling" again into certain thoughts, or in the excesses of 
some passions, or of being domineered by certain sentiments, or certain all 
fections of the soul, or of performing always the same actions, impresses at 
last upon the physiognomy, or even upon the whole body, a certain manner 
of being from which it is difficult to refrain. 

8. Then, every profession, trade, situation in life, every capacity, disposi- 
tion and passion, have their proper type or physiognomy, peculiarity of action, 
habits and features, which are indicated by the convulsion, expansion, con- 
traction, oppression, size, functions, colour, strength, etc., of the muscles, 
nerves, skin, etc., of the organs. Therefore the quality of the brain will be its 
more or less capacity, according to the more or less good condition of the nerve?, 
blood, muscles, skin, integuments, bigness or smallness of the external organs, 
etc., 1st, to receive more or less well the impressions of bodies made on the 
nerves of the external senses ; 2nd, to elaborate more or less well those im- 
pressions into sensations and ideas by the more or less activity of the tem- 
peraments, for the intuition of the understanding; 3rd, more or less well, to 
act externally or to express out by signs or by actions the decisions of the 
will upon those elaborated sensations. The 1st number will be the 1st chap- 
ter on the external senses, the 2nd number will form the 2nd chapter . on 
temperaments, and the 3rd number will comprise the 3rd and 4th chapters. 

CHAPTER I . 

Physio gnomony of the External Senses. 

They indicate the primary power of the brain to receive the impressions 
of bodies, conveyed to it by the nerves, and thereby they establish a commu- 
nication between the soul or interior life with the world or exterior life. 
Their bigness gives their greater capacity and want of receiving, length 
gives continuity or indurance in the action, breadth gives activity. The 
external senses emanate all from the sense of touch or feeling, are modifica- 
tions of it, and may be divided into four kinds accordingly : 

1. The sense of breathing or of motion, residing in the lungs. 2. The 
senses of Intellect, such as the sight, the hearing and the speech. 3. The 
senses ot industry, such as the smell and the taste. 4. The senses of sym- 
pathy, such as the sexual apparatus, pain, pleasure, hunger and thirst. 

In all living beings, larger organs require more substance to spend their 
action upon, larger lungs require more air, otherwise the subject would die 
for want of supply, larger stomachs require more fcod, larger eyes more 
sceneries, larger cars more sounds, etc. 

, The animals have the same'quantity of senses as man has, except the 
sense of speech which is limited. They have also nearly the same quantity 
of craniological organs, but of a smaller size and with a depression of the 
reflective organs, so that when they receive the extenaal impressions which 
act upon them as upon us, they correspond to them according to the small- 
ness of their organs and the more or less excitation of their nervous system. 
Their body is also like a galvanic battery and the electro nervous fluid plays 
its part for their vitality. The rules of inervation are observed in their sys- 
tem. The certain sphere of acts which they perform, and the sameness of 
those acts, show how involuntarily or even mechanically the animal fulfils 
2 



14 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the end of its creation. Its physical wants are its only guides ; they do not 
deceive it, they are in proportion to the higher or lower scale it occupies in 
the creation, and no education can improve or change them ; whilst man can 
multiply his wants continually and indefinitely, and improve himself im- 
mensely by education. Man differs from the animal by his soul, whose un- 
derstanding wants and hastens to know more and more, and whose will 
shows its liberty and all kinds of affective actions, loving more and more, and 
never being satisfied upon earth till the bodily habitation is dissolved in order 
to unite with the Creator. 

I will follow the common division for the sensitive organs, 

Section I. THE SIGHT. — The eye is the organ of it. It receives on 
the semi-transparent tissue of its retina, the impressions of light, radiated 
from surrounding bodies, modifies and transmits them by the optic nerve to 
the brain. There, the mind forms its imagination and conception of the 
figure, colour, and distance of those objects. The eyes are the seat of lan- 
guage by their power of receiving electricity from each other, and by their 
giving out in turn more or less electricity, thereby they fascinate and mag- 
netize any living animal, as I have proved in my experiments. A good sense 
of sight is generally known when we find black, thick, straight eyelashes, 
large bushy eyebrows, concave eyes, contracted as it were inward ; short- 
sighted people have a stern, earnest look, small eye brows, large pupils. 

Section II. THE HEARING.— The ear is the organ of it. It has an 
intimate connection with the moral sentiments. The meatus auditorius re- 
ceives the impressions of sounds, or the undulatory vibrations of the air 
caused by the percussion of bodies. The tympanum analyzes them, and the 
auditory nerve conveys them to the brain. The sense of hearing is good in 
those who have ears w T ell furnished with gristles, well channelled and hairy. 
Notice that the mere hearing of sounds is different from the craniological organ 
of music or the power of perceiving the relations of those sounds. (See 
Music, No. 28.) 

Section III. THE SMELL.— The nose is the organ of if. It is the 
seat of moral taste and delicacy. The gazeous substances with which all 
bodies are impregnated and surrounded like by an atmosphere, come out 
radiating with the caloric and go through the nose of the olfactory nerve 
which conveys to the brain the impressions thereof, and their agreeable or 
disagreeable sensations are perceived by the soul. The sense of smell is 
excellent in those who have large noses descending very near the mcuth, 
neither too moist nor too dry. 

Section IV. THE TASTE. — The palate and the tongue are the organs 
of it, and they produce the sensations of physical taste alone. They are 
covered with fine terminations of nerves (called papillae on the tongue,) which 
receive the impressions of bodies and convey them to the brain. The sense 
of taste is nice in such as have spongy pores, soft tongue, well moistened 
with saliva, yet not too moist. 

Section V. THE TOUCH OR FEELING.— It is the elementary sense. 
The whole body is the organ of it, and chiefly the fingers. It is excited by 
surrounding objects on the fine terminations of nerves spread over the sur- 
face of the body, and their impressions are conveyed to the brain. It in- 
forms us of some qualities of bodies such as the temperature, form, weight. 



PHYSIOCNOMONY. 15 

consistency, elasticity, etc., and corrects the errors of other senses. The 
sense of touch is delicate in those who have a soft skin, sensible nerves, and 
nervous sinews moderately warm and dry. 

Section 6. THE EXTRA SENSES.— So I call the additional senses 
mentioned at the head of this chapter. 

1. The sense of breathing or of motion. It is the first sense or the first 
receiving organ. The lungs are the organ of it. It is well conditioned in 
those who have a large chest and broad shoulders, but they must keep against 
asthmatic diseases, it is badly constituted or near consumptive diseases in 
those who have the chest' retreating and small shoulders. The lungs receive 
the oxygen of the air for the galvanic process of the vital action.* 

2. The sexual apparatus as giving a peculiar sensation of sympathy and 



*Let us bear in mind that ail action or motion in the human system is 
produced by the combined influence of muscular contraction and expansion, 
the effects of positive and negative influence, attraction and repulsion, the 
natural influence of the two countervailing properties that constitute motive 
power, and these two properties are connected with different modifications of 
matter (by their molecular affinity,) and are imparted to the human body 
through the secretory and excretory system : Therefore if they are not re- 
ciprocally balanced, there must be an increase or diminution of action in the 
whole or some part of it. Increase or diminution of motion is synonymous 
with morbid action, or non-equilibrium of action. 

If, in an organ, the attractive impulse or positive influence exceeds the re- 
pelling or negative, then undue contractions ensue, which will lessen the di- 
mensions of that organ. If it be general over the system, there will be a 
general wasting away of the body, as in old age. If the excess of positive 
influence is very great in an organ, there will be an increase of action to fever 
in that organ, because the vital action, making by itself efforts to restore its 
polarized currents, becomes more violent and wants a substance of a negative 
influence to spend its action upon, such as acid; 1 , water, vegetable substances, 
and there must be an excretion of the positive substance or bile from the 
liver. If the repulsive or negative influence exceeds the attracting, undue 
expansion must follow, producing local or general enlargement. If it exceeds 
very much, diminution of action ensues as in cold, it requires the appli- 
cation of positive substances, such as stimuli, sleep, animal food, sweet, 
salt and bitter substances, exercise and there must be an excretion of the 
negative substance or urine from the kidneys, etc. 

In the homoeopathic system (similia similibus curantur) an infinitely mi- 
nute particle of medicine is like an excess of positive or negative electricity 
(according to the quality of the medicine and the case of the patient,) added 
to procure increase or diminution of the vital action on the nerves, through 
the body, in order to have the disease go through its stages and to hasten the 
crisis of the disease upon the feelings of the sympathetic nerve. All those 
medicines operate on the nerves particularly, and succeed in chronic diseases 
when a diet is kept accordingly, by which no acid and nothing but a simple 
and nutritious diet is observed, thereby giving time to the vix medicatrix 
naturse to operate the cure. 



1(3 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

pleasure, being generally En proportion to the size of the cerebellum, (Sec 
Amatiwness, No. 9, craniology and the temperament sanguine general.) 

3. Hunger and Thirst. Two modified sensations of the organs of the 
stomach, produced by the negative state, wasting or irritation of the organs 
which require substance in a positive state to re-establish the equilibrium, by 
repairing the wasting. The proper substances being introduced and assimilated 
into tiie stomach, for the sustenance of the body, become moderators of the vital 
force which spends its action en them, that is to say, they counteract the vital 
force of the oxygen on the lungs, Which has a tendency to become more and 
more violent, and wants an object to spend its action upon and to keep the 
equilibrium ; hence the great principle of vix medicatrix naturae. 

4. Pleasure and Pain. Two opposite modified sensations of the organ 
of touch, affecting every organ of the body and every faculty of the soul. 
The great sympathetic nerve is the main organ of them. All substances 
possess according to our theory a variable specific amount of caloric or elec- 
tricity according to time, place, essential or accidental qualities; all have to- 
wards eacli other a positive or a negative influence, sympathy or antipathy, 
attraction or repulsion, in other words they have an electrical affinity or re- 
pugnancy to each other. 

Then all impressions affecting the body externally or internally are shared 
by the sympathetic nerve, its sensibility is affected by pleasure from agreca- 
bleness, good scent, savour, harmony, truth, goodness, beauty, etc., if the 
sensation contains a greater amount than usual of positive and negative in- 
fluence, and possesses besides a small excess of the positive. A small excess 
of the negative predominating over a greater quantity of positive and negative, 
will produce a breaking of currents or of equilibrium, and therefore pain 
from disagreeableness, bad smell, disgust, discordance, falsity, wickedness, 
ugliness, etc. 

5. The Speech. The organs are the mouth, the teeth, the tongue, the 
palate, the larynx and the trachsea. The larynx is the principal organ, the 
size and form of those organs influence the voice accordingly. 

CHAPTER II. 
PhysiGgnomony of the Temperaments. 

They express the degree of sensibility of the vital action, and thereby 
the degree of activity and strength of the brain receiving the nervous im- 
pressions and elaborating them into sensations. There are four kinds of 
temperaments or organic constitutions, recognized by the ancients on the 
score of the four principal humours, elements and other qualities. They are 
1st. The lyrnpathic, spring, water, cold, childhood. 2nd. The sanguine, 
summer, air, moist, youth. 3d. The bilious, autumn, fire, hot, virility. 
4th. The nervous, winter, earth, dry, old age. We have to follow that division, 
and to the predominance Gf any of those temperaments we must refer the 
individual mode of existence or personal idiosyncrasy, which depends on it as 
on a centre of sensibility, (arising from the various proportions and sympa- 
thetic relations among the parts that make up that organization, different 
among all individuals). The oppositions mentioned among the tempera- 
ments are only in point of diseases and cures. 



HlVSiOGNoMONY. 17 

Section I. THE LYMPHATIC— The Lymphatic, phlegmatic or pit- 
uitous temperament prevails generally in the spring of life or in children. 
It is caused by an excess of the veinous blood, by the assimilating organs, 
by the secreting glands and by the cellular tissue, increasjng in bulk for 
want of a proper strength to excrete; the sensibility is weak, the body is cold, 
moist, fat, soft, fair and not hairy ; there Is whiteness or wanness in the face, 
little thirst ; soft, rare and slow pulse, blue eyes, fair hair, indolence, love of 
rest and ease, laziness, actions slow and dull, weakness, languid circulation, 
sleep much and frequent, plumpness, roundness of forms; dreams of white 
things, floods and all incidents belonging to water. This temperament is 
opposed to the bilious, is very vivacious, can bear any climate, though 
belongs to the cold, gives a liability to catharrs, suffocations, cutaneous dis- 
eases which are cured by a phlogistic regimen, such as stimulants and all 
substances of the positive influence, and by residing in hot countries. 

Lymphatic Nervous. The sensibility of the nerves begins to manifest 
itself as the lymph is diminishing, then come mildness, application, actions 
slow but constantly repeated. 

Lymphatic Mucous. A variety of the lymphatic caused by the mucosine, 
a kind of sweat sometimes oily, very abundant in youth. That mucosine is 
produced by living in wet and shady places, by a plethoric habit, eating 
much and drinking beer, cider, clear wine, etc*, and it is the cause of ver- 
minous affections and moral disorders. 

Lymphatic Sanguine. Pleasantness, affability, fondness for society and 
parties, not much application of the mind. 

Section 2. THE SANGUINE. — The sanguine temperament is the sum- 
mer of life, that is to say, it prevails generally among adults from fifteen to 
twenty-nine years of age. It is caused by the remarkable developments of the 
exterior capillary vessels, by the predominance of arterial blood, and by the 
size of the organs of blood > those organs such as the lungs, the heart, the ar- 
teries, and the veins, perform the respiratory and circulatory functions. The 
sensibility is moderate, the body is moist, hot, fresh, fleshy, fair, soft, hairy ; 
the hair light or chesnut color ; we find lively red face, natural blush, large 
breast and shoulders, soft, moist and full pulse, spittle sweet, blue or brown 
eyes, activity, inconstancy, levity, affabiliiy, pleasantness, liveliness, mirth 
and laughter; actions quick and sometimes violent, dreams of red things, 
beauty, feasting, pleasures; the chief aim of this temperament is love; sick- 
ness of the inflammatory kind, such as fevers, but not very dangerous, cured 
by antiphlogistic regimen, such as bleeding, the use of acids, cathartics, the 
use of free air, substances of the negative influence. Sanguine is opposed to 
the melancholic or nervous. 

Sanguine Muscular or Athletic It takes the middle between the san- 
guine and the bilious, on account of the locomotive apparatus (the muscles 
and the fibrous system) being greatly exerted by labours in men of either san- 
guine or bilious temperament. It possesses hard bones, strong nerves, rigid 
fibres, solid hips, muscles harshly expressed, prominent breast, small head, no 
sensibility, obtuse feelings, little application, considerable appetite, predisposi- 
tion to tetanos, and little resistance to diseases ; it aims at taking every thing 
by storm, and belongs to the temperate climate. 

Sanguine Genital. It takes the next rank after the muscular between 
2* 



IS A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the migraine and the bilious, on account of the hairy body, much bearo, 
aOM Wft l love, cerebellum prominent. Its abuse is known by emaciation, a 
particular discoloration of the skin, a voracious and insatiable appetite, abate- 
ment of the understanding, little memory, little disposition to work, eyes 
dull, heavy and weak, dilitation of the pupils, bluish circle and retreating- 
orbit. 

Sanguine Bilious Pure. The best combination of temperament for men. 
Subcutaneous veins apparent, middle plumpness, boldness, courage, indefatiga- 
ble constancy, capability for the greatest achievments, dark complexion. 

Sanguine Lymph vtic. The best combination of temperament for women. 
Amiability, mildness, health, longevity. 

Sanguine Nervous. Although the sanguine is opposed to the nervous in 
point of diseases and cures, it is not in other respects, and they can be united 
with each other ; this temperament gives inconstancy, shortness of action, 
smartness. 

Sanguine Btlioso-atro-nervous. Irascibility, hastiness and liability to 
the greatest excesses in virtues or in vices, eccentricity caused by passions. 

Section 3. THE BILIOUS. — The bilious or choleric temperament 
prevails generally more in the autumn of life, that is to say, among persons 
of perfect virility from the age of 29 to 63. It is caused by the predominance 
of the veinous blood together with the sensibility of the digestive organs, 
such as the stomach, the duodenum, the intestinal canal, the spleen, the large 
size of the liver for the secretion of a large quantity of bile. The sensibility 
of the nerves is rather quick, and the irritability is great, the body is hot, 
dry, lean, hard, hairy, it has a yellowish or brown skin, black hair; firm mus- 
cles ; dry tongue and mouth ; spittle bitter ; hard, soft and often beating 
pulse ; eyes of every color, dark generally and more inclined to green ; pro- 
jecting bones; ambition is the chief aim ; the brain is active. It has decided 
activity, strength, energy, ambition, perseverance, actions quick and constant, 
inquietude, irascibility, premature developement in youth of the moral facul- 
ties, susceptibility ; it has dreams of yellow things, of brawls, fights and 
quarrels; diseases of the liver and stomach cured by exciting proper excre- 
tions, by using evacuants, by purging and by observing more regularity in 
the diet than by taking medicines. It is opposed to the lymphatic; it agrees 
better with cold countries, although it belongs to the hot. 

Bilious Sanguine. Activity determined and a longer time conducted than 
in the sanguine bilious, well combined and executed plans. 

Bilious Nervous. Great mental power, perspicacity in various achiev- 
ments. 

Bilious Lymphatic. Strength of mind and body with indolence and 
heaviness. 

Bilious Sanguine Atro-Nervous or Atrabilary. Extreme susceptibility, 
irascibility, aptness to eccentricity caused by determination to act. 

Section 4. THE NERVOUS OR MELANCHOLIC— The nervous or 
melancholic temperament prevails generally in the winter of life, that is to 
say, among old people. It is caused by the excessive sensibility and delica- 
cy of the nervous system affected principally with the black acrid bile; the 
excretions of the latter as well as of other organs are performed too strongly 
in proportion to the secretions, and the mucous membrane is more subject to 



PHYSIOGNOMON Y. 1 9 

be irritated, and the cellular tissue to become more thin and worn out. That 
predominance originating from the abuse either of the sanguine or of the 
bilious temperament, although thereby, the first stage of a dis asc is a real 
confirmed temperament, as being both the last stage of them, and the highest 
state of vital sensibility. That effect of the aciid humours produces an insen- 
sible consumption coming with age, hastened by too much exertion of the 
body, either in sensual pleasures, or with too much exposure to the cold; it 
may be accelerated by obstructions in one of the organs of the abdomen, by 
an undue proportion of strength, sympathy and relation between the solids, 
the liquids and the fluids, by the great influence of the soul over the body, 
indulging in intense studies, in griefs, in all moral passions; and by what- 
ever tends cither to raise the spirit in contemplation with God, or to deject 
it down so as to cause a forgctfulness for the care of the body ; all those de- 
rangements produce a disorder in the polarized currents of the body and in 
the dispensation of the electro-nervous fluid for its vital action. 

In this temperament, the body is dry, cold, lean, smooth; it has fine thin 
hair, gloomy and leaden colored face; spittle little and sour; hard, rare and 
little pulse, general emaciation, delicate health, small muscles, irritability, ac- 
tions quick and short; little endurance, fondness for vivid sensations, stability 
in cogitations, constancy in the achievement of the thing intended, love of 
study, intent on gloomy subjects, greatly oppresed by fear ; amourous passions 
excited more by the effects of the imagination, which is oflen generally vivid, 
than by need and capability ; great susceptibility, imagination, faith, hope, 
charity, all passions good and bad easily excited ; dreams of black and ter- 
rible things, ghosts, beasts, choaking, etc. It is opposed to the sanguine. 
'J 'he diseases are of two kinds; the nerves are either over stimulated by some 
agent, such as lightning, expectation, any passion, or they are tending to a 
torpid state such as atrophy, paralysis, etc. In the former case, (as I have men- 
tioned in the note on page 15,) there is an increase of action and we use 
antispasmodics such as water etc., etc., with air, light diet, etc. In the latter 
case there is a diminution of action, then we use stimuli, such as electricity, 
magnetism, (animal or mineral,) spirits, camphor, friction, blisters, etc., and 
in general in all nervous diseases, we use magnetism, (animal or mineral,) 
the stimulus of imagination, faith, hope and charity. 

Nervous Pure, Mild. It is the first division of the nervous, a deranged 
state from the sanguine, the sensibility of the nervous system plays the 
greater part. It produces emaciation, smallness of muscles, softness like in 
atrophy. It is the first division of the nervous temperament. 

Nervous Lymphatic or Vaporous. Absolute will without tenacity and 
a mobility and versatility in judgments and determinations. 

Nervous Bilious. Great power and activity without great brilliancy, but 
shining in proportion as it is called into requisition. 

Nehvous Sanguine. Extreme intensity of action with brilliancy but for 
want of strength, the activity is too intense and the operations are rapid 
and flashy. 

Melancholic or Atracilary Pure. It is the second division of the 
nervous, a deranged state from the bilious. There is a particular habitual 
constriction of the abdominal organs, the proportion of humours to solids is 
small, the secretions of the bile like in the bilious are not in proportion with 



20 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

the excretions, (which may be cured cither by the removal of the bile frorri 
the body, or by proper time or substances to let the bile take its course,) the 
circulation is slow, the heat weak, the functions of the nervous system de- 
ranged and irregularly performed, the breast narrow, the skin takes a deeper 
hue, looks gloomy, the organs badly fed, dried up fibres which constitute 
vigorous muscles but attended with a general stiffness in the exercise of the 
functions of life, and strengthened by the extreme sensibility of the nerves. 
In a high degree of intensity, every desire is a passion ; continual erotic de- 
sires, determinations full of hesitation and anxiety, feelings a long time enter- 
tained which finish through more or less crooked paths, extraordinary sick- 
ness, austere morality, ecstacy, superstitions, supernatural and visionary 
circumstances. 

Melancholic bilioso-morbid or hypochondriac and atrabiltary. Apt. 
ness to resentment, perfidy ; fearfulness, fanaticism, love of solitude. 

Melancholic maniac. Pulse and process of organic functions irregu- 
lar, lucid instants followed by hasty and violent passions. 

N. B. There is another constitution called the temperate, admitted by 
Physiologists to exist, when there is no predominance of any system of or- 
gans, but all the powers are reciprocally balanced, so as to exhibit in the 
living economy a perfect equilibrium. It is taken as the type of health, of 
soul and of body. 

CHAPTER III* 

Physiognomony considered in the general kinds of 
Physiognomies. 

Physiognomony gives only general rules of Physiognomies ; but the 
special rules for the different and extensive modifications of the human form, 
must be made up by the Physiognomonical tact which is our last judge* 
which Providence has given to all living beings to guide themselves by, and 
which we must cultivate by studying a book of this kind and by exercising 
that tact after the rules. The eyes are the proper organs of that tact and 
the different electrical sensations that the eyes of one individual receive at 
viewing an object, or the eyes of another individual are indescribable : one of 
the two individuals often overpowers the other by his looks, either naturally 
or forcibly ; the looks in both cases may be hard, bold, mild, or indifferent, 
and the effect for both cr any of the two individuals is : indifference, antipathy, 
or sympathy. In those three sensations are contained all the modified com- 
binations of all other sensations. 

We must exercise our eyes by looking up often into the eyes of persons 
till we elicit some action from their eyes ; I do not give this advice to chil- 
dren who must have a modest look when dealing with senior person?. We 
must excite the laughing which is very expressive especially in the man- 
ner of contracting the mouth (hypecrisy), or expanding or stretching the 
mouth (silliness, boldness) ; the gentle smile being the principal character of 
goodness and frankness; beware of your neighbor; always take a serious ap- 
pearance in examining^ etc. See rules for examination, Chap. IV, Art. 2, Sec. 2. 

Each one of the Physiognomical portraits or descriptions hereafter men- 
tioned, must be considered as containing in each one a series of divers par- 



PH YSIOGNOMON Y. 2 1 

ticula/s that may be related either conjointly or partly, to that same physiog- 
nomical portrait; so that it is not necessary that a whole description should 
coincide entirely with an individual in order to apply the physiognomical 
portrait to him ; but sonic features of it are enough when they coincide with 
the other pieliminary conditions of Craniological organs, temperament, etc. 
The physiognomical tact being the principal judge that must come in aid 
to discern what must be taken or rejected in the physiognomies. 

ARTICLE I . 

Physiognomony of Passions .* 

Passions are the highest degree of activity of every faculty, or they are 
the faculties themselves which want to be satisfied to their utmost; they are 



* 1 nc study of human passions ought to be for us a capital affair of inves- 
tigation, in order to understand the springs of action of the soul. Had we 
discovered the laws which regulate their actions, we could have deduced from 
that law a social system adapted to their greater satisfaction, and better than 
the one under which the present state of society is so much grieved, and af- 
flicted with evils and abuses. As there is unity of system in the universe, that 
is, as the physical world is an image of perfect unity and harmony, so must 
the moral world be, which is the effect of the actions coming from the free 
will of man. As mankind is fast advancing in civilization, the experience 
of the past and a higher degree of science will teach our descendants better 
laws suited to meet the exigencies of the passions, by a system of universal 
attraction, by which they will be able to establish harmony, unity, and a 
happy conflict of interests, tending to the good of the individual, and at the 
same time, to the welfare of the community. The community, for its safety 
has to choose for itself, or to consent to, a form of government whether mon- 
archical, aristocratical, or democratical. In all cases St. Paul warns us to 
submit ourselves (Rom. xiii. 1,) to ihe superior powers; for all power comes 
from God. Now, the people are not obliged to have so much probity to sustain 
themselves in a monarchical government, because the force of the laws and the 
arms of the chief can easily correct the abuses, and the aristocratical govern- 
ment is subject to loo much division, change, partiality, and injustice; but in 
the democratical government, there is something more than the force of laws, 
it requires more force of virtue, which makes democracy the most perfect 
state and without which the community is lost. That principle of demo- 
cracy is better understood in the United States than in any other country. 
The power of the community is the ordination of God, or the voice of the 
community is the voice of God, whenever the community deliberates ; and in 
all cases, a community will never make laws against its welfare, although 
some laws may be contrary to the interests of only a few individuals. That 
principle may be corrupted not only when people lose the spirit of equality, 
but when they imbibe the spirit of equality to vulgarity, for instance, in losing 
obedience and respect for that power or the office of the magistrates and in 
the good and the bad, virtue and vice together, by which the execution of 
laws fails for want of virtue. 



M A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

given io man tor the safety of his existence and as indispensable tothesatis- 
laction of his wants, when they are well directed. Then, a close and continual 



In all kinds of societies, the first evils are the abuses of the satisfaction 
of passions in individuals, and the second evil is the tacit sanction of those 
abuses from the chiefs who could easily repress them, or from the community 
which wants more virtue in its agents, in order to check them. 

The abuses are of two sorts: cupidity and sensual pleasures. 

Cupidity is money making (ami sacra James), pursued to its utmost degree 
by all kinds of speculations upon every thing and upon the labours of every 
person; the consequences are: deceitful bankruptcies, unjust monopolies, 
useless speculative brokerage, and commercial parasitism or wasting of goods 
by the too much competition of retail merchants. The force of money, we 
may say, rules society through all its members generally, and it produces as- 
sumption, pride, aristocratical spirit, and love of those honours and distinc- 
tions which belong only to virtue and talent. 

Sensual pleasures are abused according to the exposition of my theory, (sec 
the two principal organs of sensuality, alimentiveness No. 2, and amativeness 
No. 9.) All those abuses demand from the community the means to lessen 
if not to extinguish their culpability. Then a community might make laws 
accordingly, and create means for a greater satisfaction of the faculties of in- 
dustr} T , such as ambition, in the distribution of lands and business, giving to 
every one an equal right or equal means to obtain in society a rank based upon 
his merit, talent and skill. There must be laws for a greater satisfaction of the 
faculties of sjmipathy, such as physical love and charity, which tend to social 
pleasure, equality and the levelling of ranks in education first and then by 
exciting to virtue; there must be laws in fine for a greater satisfaction of the 
intellectual faculties by stimulating arts and sciences; and as long as money 
shall subsist as the lever of the World and will stain the consciences of men, 
all the efforts of society must turn especially towards checking its abuse by 
imposing more duties or passional industry on those that have more money, 
and by establishing generally a passional attraction of industry to make money 
circulate. As regards the cheoks of moral passions, the institution of the 
temperance societies have done much good to suppress the improper use of 
spirits ; let us have now a money temperance society, in this sense, that people 
bind themselves not to use more money than their regulations allow for their 
wants, giving the overplus to the poor or to a literary or beneficial institution. 
Let us have a love temperance society by which people bind themselves to 
observe the morals. We may have also societies of beneficence and all kinds 
of institutions and communities to promote economy, industry and virtue. 
And after all, if perfection is not obtained, if men will always abuse their 
faculties and show their wickedness, let us conclude that their passions or 
desires are too great to be satiated here below, and that this w T orld is a valley 
of labours and tears, in which we have to do penance, and try to conquer 
our enemies ; let us be comforted by the hope that, as we cannot reach per- 
fection upen earth, we are still proceeding in the immense field of virtuous im- 
provement, and that we can prepare ourselves to make us worthy of the eternal 
enjoyment of all our desires in the bosom of our Creator in another world. 



PIIYSIOGNOMONY. 23 

exercise of any of the craniological organs performed either rightly or unduly 
becomes a passion. There are three kinds of passions : the organic or bod- 
ily passions which act by contraction or dilatation. Tncy are the external 
senses, among which, hunger, thirst and sensual love may predominate. 

The passions of the mind, which act by tension, such as attention, memory, 
fondness for music, etc. 

The passions of the heart which are divided into convulsive, oppressive, 
expansive and mixt. 

The convulsive passions are expressed by a bluish or livid taint of veiny 
blood, extreme agitation, hard breathing-, spasmodic circulation, certain phy- 
sical wants not satisfied, anger, fury, delirium, bad humour, violence, hatred, 
fright, the furies of love, convulsive laughter, sobs, suffocations, griefs, as- 
phyxia, apoplexia. 

The oppressive passions are expressed by the oppressions of the proecor- 
dian organs, the heart, the lungs, the diaphragm and other enterian organs. 
They shake or agitate the body more or less, and we see the effects therof 
by the discoloration of the skin, the heat, the cold, the perspiration, the pulse 
small and contracted, the breast feels a weight or a suffocation, and the feel- 
ings are concentrated in the epigastric region. They again produce sighs, 
inquietude, sadness, timidity, dejectedness, melancholy, resignation, concen- 
trated jealousy or envy, dissimulation, repentance. 

The expansive passions are under the control of the will, and are remark- 
able for a sort of extension and light phlogose on the face, caused by the 
lively red or cherry taint of arterial blood. They produce smiles, hope, love, 
tender feelings, sweet friendship, benevolence, contemplation, ecstacy, inno- 
cence, intuitive beatitude. The mixt passions arc formed by the simple pas- 
sions, where two or more different sentiments dominate in an individual, and they 
exhibit indignation, pride, vanity, contempt, disdain, irony, shame, candour, 
etc., which are described in the forehead by a more or less vivid coloration. 

All those passions, whether virtues, vices or defects, are contained in the 
craniological organs. 

I have stated in the last note how vices or abused passions could be 
checked in an improved system of society, let us see now how an individual 
can do by himself to check his wicked passions in any state of society, 
whether he be in a country where the Legislators do not give the means or 
the liberty to satisfy one's passions, or he be in another country where almost 
all vices of the country above mentioned are made virtuoas in the latter. 

A general answer is, that a man must live according to the laws of the 
country where he resides; si Roman venias, romano vimtomore. II fat/t Hur- 
ler avec les loups, but he must attend to the following rules : it is certain 
that all the craniological organs or faculties want to be satisfied to their ut- 
most, and naturally come in crowds for that purpose; then the natural rule 
is to let them be satisfied all in turns, and to vary their exercise according 
to time, place, etc., for fear that any passion may go too far by itself and take 
the lead to the detriment of virtue and to the loss of health, and of the rest 
of the individual. 

When all the faculties of the soul concentrate themselves a long time to- 
wards the satisfaction of only one dominant or excited passion, it produces 
monomania or partial insanity, only for the time of the concentration. If 



Q4 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

there be an extinction of almost all the faculties for want of exercise, and on 
account of the dominant passion seeking always its satisfaction, it produces 
complete insanity or idiocy in all the actions. So in any state of society, it 
would be an injury to the individual to let his passions grow as he pleases 
because he would at last adhere to one that would prey upon him, and would 
torture him as it were to his destruction both of soul and of body. 

Then the abuses of bodily passions, such as sensual love, hunger, thirst of 
spirits, can be counteracted by the cultivation of the faculties of industry in 
exercising the body to the tilling of the land and to other hard manual la- 
bours, and by the cultivation of the faculties of morality and religion, in 
attending to preaching, temperance, religious and literary meetings. 

The abuses of the passions of the mind, which come by a too great and 
close tension, or by a too long application of the mind in perceiving and re- 
flecting, undermine the organs of the brain, cause the orbicular muscles of 
the pupil of the eyes to retreat, burn the blood according to the old saying, 
bring on the melancholic temperament, and at last the death of the individual. 
Those abuses are corrected by the exercise ot the body, diet spare and nu- 
tritious, good rest and sleep : for, a sound body will give a sound mind, the 
cultivation of the faculties of the heart are secondary and of good effect. 
The abuses of the passions of the heart are counteracted by the cultivation 
of the faculties of the mind, which reasons upon the feelings and gives them 
such a turn as to make them grasp upon some branch of learning. The 
cultivation of the faculties of industry are secondary and of very good ser- 
vice, according to the predominance either of the mind or of the sensual 
appetites. 

ARTICLE II, 

Physiogncmony of the Capacities, Feelings and Physical 
Qualities of Man. 

Physiognomies are distinguished into organic, spiritual, moral and mixt, 
and each one is again sub-dhided into secondary groups, etc., (sec them in 
the passions, article 1.) The Physiognomies in the temperaments give the 
dull aspect for the lymphatic, the fluctuating for the sanguine, the ardent for 
the bilious and the fixed for the nervous. 

Physiognomies are divided also into ideal and antique, into factitious, 
imitative, poetical, allegorical, hypocritical or pharisaic, CGmic, religious, 
assimilating {tell me whom thou freoueniest and 1 will tell thee who thou art,) 
natural, degraded, deceitful, etc. 

There are conventional or fictitious physiognomies, that is, a visage 'of 
turn out of fashion, of uniformity and convention, like those of the courtiers, 
officers of many professions, religions and trades, who are obliged by duty, 
or who find to satisfy their cupidity and pride, to assume an appearance of 
modesty, of dignity, of affectation and sometimes of arrogance ; those ap* 
pearances give an habitual stiffness, but the appearance of modesty may be 
natural and often follows the conscience of the individual. There are physiog- 
nomies made up by imitation or conformity of conduct to a superior or chief, 
whether a president, mayor, captain, schoolmaster, or a father, and accord- 
ing to the good or bad qualities of that chief, it will instil either good or bad 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 25 

effects on the subordinate according to the proverb: $uch « father, 
such a son. 

The physiognomy of the hypocrite shows itselfj when we find decisive 
features of weakness and vanity, with an amiable and pre-posse9sing exterior, 
insignificant traits or manners, with a sort of affectation or grace in the mo- 
tions, and a sort of coldness in tlie vivacity, which are all marks of incon- 
stancy. It is easy to recogniie disguise by the constraint, the efforts of 
mind, and the distractions and confusion. The voice of truth is more ener- 
getic than that of falsehood, and the looks of the innocent more open and 
frank than those of the hypocrite. A quick eye, often shining, concave and 
small, or small sunken eyes, or arch knowing looks are all signs of hypocrisy. 
The physiognomy of bodily strength is known by stiff hair, large bones, 
firm and robust limbs, short muscular neck, firm and erect, the head broad 
and high, the forehead short, hard and peaked, with bristly hair, large feet, 
rather thick than broad, a harsh, unequal voice and bilious complexion. 

The physiognomy of the weakness of the body is distinguished by a small 
ill-proportioned head, narrow shoulders, soft skin and melancholy complexion. 
The physiognomy of long life is exhibited by strong teeth, a sanguine 
temperament, middle stature, large, deep and ruddy lines in the hands, large 
muscles, stooping shoulders, full chest, firm flesh, clear complexion, slow 
growth, wide ears, and large eyelids. 

The physiognomy of short life may be represented by a thick tongue, the 
appearance of grinders before the age of puberty ; thin, straggling and 
uneven teeth, confused lines in the hand, of a quick but small growth. 

The Physiognomy of a person who is endowed with great capacities and 
feelings, or who uses well his craniological organs is generally exhibited thus : 
a striking conformity among the three principal parts of the face, the forehead, 
the nose and the chin, a forehead standing on a base almost horizontal with 
eyebrows straight, compressed and boldly expressed, eyes of a clear blue or 
clear brown which appear black at a distance, and whose upper eyelids cover 
about the fifth part of the eyeball, appearing languishing or sentimental, 
when more disposed to morality; a nose whose back is large and almost paral- 
lel on both sides with a slight convex inflection ; a mouth of a horizontal 
cut and whose upper lip comes down softly by the middle; a round project- 
ing chin. 

The Physiognomy of a person of close study, is exhibited by his eye- 
brows cast down, or ready to cast themselves down, so that the eyes appear 
sunken, the iris is projecting, and there is a pale taint sometimes bilious or 
yellowish on the face, the eyes clear announce perspicacity ; precision is 
siiown by eyes exactly drawn, and depth by eyes sunken (if they are not 
contradicting the rest). 

The physiognomy of a person of middling dispositions and capacities is 
exhibited, when we discover nothing that strikes us, nothing that attracts or 
repels us, alleviates or troubles us, excites our desire or our hatred, when 
that person has not energy enough to take away from us or is not rich 
enough to give us, etc, when there is about that person nothing projecting, 
nothing fine, nothing coarse, etc. 

The Physiognomy of a person who is devoid of capacities and feelings, 
or who does not use well his craniological organs, is exhibited by the follow- 
3 



96 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ing features : The foreheads are almost perpendicular or too long; or retreat* 
ing too much or harshly, or too prominent, either on the upper or on the 
lower part ; noses which are strongly bent below the half of the profile ; a 
shocking distance between the nose and the mouth j a lower lip loose and 
hanging ; the loosening and folding of the flesh of the chin and jaws ; 
very small eyes of which one scarcely perceives the white, especially when 
they are accompanied by a great nose, and when all the face below is heavy 
and furrowed with deep wrinkles ; heads drawn backwards and disfigured 
by a double gland ulous swelling near the cheeks ; an oblique and awkward 
smile ; which one cannot suppress, and which is a sign of folly or of a fool- 
ish malignity. 

The forms too rounded and too plain give to the face the air of a simpleton, 
The blunt noses whose nostrils are too narrow or too large, which are too- 
long and out of proportion with the rest of the face show ordinarily 
the dejection of mind. Noses which cause too much concavity or too much 
convexity to the profile, etc ; large open prominent mouths, chins which 
form the handle or which retreat too much. The involuntary contortions 
and the convulsive motions of the mouth, the vibration of flesh, their too 
much stiffness or softness, the flatness and the rounding of the outlines, too 
much tension or relaxation, features too much or too little expressed, a fan- 
tastical mixture of delicacy and coarseness are as many imperfections or 
signs of imperfections ; even the dress and the hair by their fantastical ar- 
rangement will betray foolishness* 

ARTICLE III. 

Physio gnomony of the Conditions of Men. 

The conditions of men are : religion, professions and trades. They con- 
stitute a peculiar state of life, which causes the prominence or at least the 
permanency of certain physical or moral habits, certain directions of the 
mind, whose deep and incessantly renewed expression gives to all men of the 
same condition an air of family. We will speak of religion first, and then 
of profession and trades. 

Section 1. RELIGION.— We are bound to our Creator hy a common 
tie or religion which is one, visible, holy, catholic, etc., and which is based 
upon the charity to God and to the neighbour, (Matth. xxii. 37, 38, 39.) — Men 
agree upon that precept of morality, because it concerns each one's interests 
reciprocally ; but they disagree in their doctrine concerning God towards his 
creatures ; because there is a disparity of minds among men. The conscien- 
tious fulfilment of religion consists in believing a doctrine and in practicing it 
through charity, and the abuse will consist in believing without charity, (1 Cor. 
xiii. 1, etc.,) or in suiting that belief and practice to the undue satisfaction of 
our passions, such as : pride and concupiscence. Then, we can know a tree 
by its fruit, says the Saviour (Math. vii. 20,) and we will know by his actions 
the conscientious man, the man of that charity which embraces all virtues. St. 
Paul gives us the portrait of charity (1 Cor. xiii, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) ; "charity is 
patient, kind, envieth not, dealeth not perversely, is not puffed up, is not am- 
bitious, seeketh not her own, is not provoked to anger, thinketh no evil, 
rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth with the truth : beareth all things. 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 97 

fcelicvcth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things, and never fuileth." 
The charitable man has a mild countenance, he only smiles, scarcely bursts 
in laughter and submits to his task upon earth with noble fortitude ; he is 
peace-maker, relieves the distresses, tolerates the imperfections, pities the 
sufferings, sliows his liberality to the poor and renders service to every one. 
Cautiousness, simplicity, justice (conscientiousness), humility, modesty 
(secretiveness), piety (veneration), faith, (marvellousness) hope and (benevo- 
lence) charity are very large, his head is high at the coronal region (facul- 
ties of morality).* 

Now, in point of doctrine, a person may be characterized by the spirit 
of obedience (conscientiousness,) self-denial, humility, (secretiveness,) faith, 
(marvellousness,) piety, (veneration,) hope and benevolence in a church where 
the doctrine has been settled by a tribunal, so as not to leave men in dispute. 
But the spirit of those virtues without charity may lead to fanaticism, super- 
stition (marvellousness abused,) intolerance (combativeness abused,) momen- 
tary piety, the abuse of the organs above mentioned, selfish motives yielding 
to concupiscence, wordly motives, etc. 

A person may be characterized by the spirit of universal charity, tolerance, 
courage, noble independence, in a church, where the examination and choice 
of doctrine, and the liberty of conscience are allowed to every one, and then, 
nobody takes the right to encroach upon the opinion of his neighbour and to 
judge him ; but he may preach to him charity, justice and good works, by 
his examples more than by his words; but without the spirit of charity, one 
may fall into dogmatism, quarrels, fanaticism, intolerance, libertinism, pride, 
obstinancy (causality, combativeness, veneration, destructiveness, self-esteem, 
and firmness abused,) etc. 

Generally, if there is a want of charity either habitual or accidental, in an 
individual : 1st, ceremonies, titles and magnificence, (ideality abused,) may 
make him fall into the spirit of worldlv things and vanity, (approbativeness 

* Since we are all agreeing upon points of morality (charity and jus- 
tice,) upon physical objects or any thing that falls under our senses, upon 
almost all the transactions of life ; since we are obliged to live together and 
to support each other's burthen and defects ; since, in fine, we do live and 
deal with the same manners and habits, exercising the same charily, tending 
towards the same end and worshipping the same God ; let us have that toler- 
ance and charity which are the foundation of unity, let us not judge our 
neighbors' opinons of which God will not ask us any account, let us love 
each other like brethren, and like the children of the same God, let us unite 
in the preaching and practice of charity ; then we will soon see that spirit 
of dispute, of intolerance and of unfriendly feelings fall down in time, 
and we shall see united into the same sheepfold, all the scattered tribes of 
Israel. I speak as being acquainted with divinity which I studied formerly 
for several years ; and as there are good and pious souls in every christian 
church, I made my subject to answer for all individuals of any church, but 
particularly for the christians ; so that it may be a mirror of self examina- 
tion for the good of their souls. I advise to cultivate the craniological organs 
as much as possible, and in blending them with Physiognomony, I do not 
approve of the smallness of any organ. 



28 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

adhesiveness, abused,) so much opposed to the spirit of celestial things to 
which we should all aspire (marvellousness, veneration and benevolence very 
large.) 2nd, a particular dress or speech which will make a conspicuous 
feature before the community, may lead a person to pride, assumption, ar- 
rogance, vanity and hypocrisy, (self-esteem, approbativeness, secretiveness, 
abused,) so much opposed to the spirit of simplicity, charity and equality, 
with the rest of men. ' 3d, useful practices aided with physical emblems, in 
which a person believes and hopes, may lead into the faith of amulets, talis- 
man, witchcraft, superstition and idolatry, (hope, marvellousness and venera- 
tion abused;) retreating or small reflective faculties; so much opposed to the 
worshipping of God in spirit and in truth. 4th, the force of laws, of arms, 
of fear, of opinion, of money, may lead a person into hypocrisy, deceit, de- 
fect of conscience, (secretiveness abused ;) so much opposed to frankness* 
candour, free will, (conscientiousness,) and hope in the future rewards. 5th, 
mortification, penance, obedience without charity, may lead a person to 
self-satisfaction, pride, hypocrisy, false directions of the heart, servility, 
meanness, (self-esteem, secretiveness, conscientiousness abused;) so much 
opposed to the spirit of faith and humility, (marvellousness, secretiveness.) 

Section 2. PROFESSIONS AND TRADES.— Man acts according to 
his wants ; his first wants have been declared by his Creator ; to earn his 
bread at the sweat of his forehead, and to till the land in order to get it. 
He who wanted was inferior to, or had to obey, the one who supplied those 
wants ; hence, fathers, the first natural superiors of their children, became 
patriarchs or rulers over their larger families ; then, the multitude of patri- 
archs produced a kind of aristocracy, or divers monarchies, where divisions 
and injustices preyed upon the subjects, till some part of men, like the peo- 
ple of the United States, recognised that, having been created by the same God„ 
being tied by the same duties towards him, they were all equal as members 
of the human family, the power of governing themselves was made by their 
Gommon Creator to reside in them as constituting a community, and that 
any power taken against the will of the people was an usurpation. Then, 
the community may begin with limiting the power of the parents over the 
children till a certain age, they level all the conditions, establish a general 
system of education and give the same rights to every individual. They 
must make laws to protect individuals from the encroachment of one 
another, to supply the wants, to employ them according to their character 
and talents, etc., aid to check abuse. Now, they commission an officer or 
magistrate who will watch for the execution of the laws, and who will be 
subject himself to the same laws. The community is the superior with re. 
gard to its individuals or members, and the magistrate is the first servant of 
the community, (Matth. xx. 26, 27-xxiii. 10, 11) although his rank is the first. 
A community may be compared to the human body, all the members want 
each other, and are all equal to each other in point of necessity and usefulness 
for the good order, improvement and welfare of the community or of the 
body; then, that principle being appealed to individuals by the community, 
every individual owes to the community, his industry, learning, justice, virtue 
and charity ; whatever is contrary to those duties in an individual, renders 
him inferior in rank before the community, and that contrary or hurtful 
state is : laziness, ignorance, injustice, lewdness, wickedness. So that in- 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 29 

feriority lays in the fault of the individual, who can correct himself; and take 
back his rank in the community. 

Then the natural rank of superiority of the father and mother over the chil- 
dren is declared by the scripture, (Exod. xx. 2. Ephes. vi. 1,2,) after which, 
there arc conventional and relative ranks for the good order of the com- 
munity; every member must have regard to each other, but also he must 
pay respect and obedience to the one who supplies his wants, as long as they 
are needed. That rank is that of the teacher over his pupils, of the master 
over the servant, of the officers over the soldier, of the employers over the 
apprentice or hired persons, etc. Now concerning the different professions and 
trades, they may confer only a relative rank among some individuals, but 
they do not confer any privileged rank before tho community ; for they are 
all equally wanted and useful, besides, says St. Paul, who distinguished 
thee? (1 Cor. iv. 7.) And what hast thou that thou hast not received? And 
if thou hast received, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received 
it? Therefore let us honour our station by our merit, in that consists our 
rank before the community and before God, who will judge every one accord- 
ing to his works. Let us pas3 now to the physiognomony of some profes- 
sions and trades. 

Magistrates must have very large organs of morality and of intellectual 
faculties, high head and forehead prominent. 

Ministers, the unmarried may have more zeal and may be more solicitous 
for the things of God, (1 Cor. vii. 32, 33.) may have universal charity and the 
greatest virtue, or may fall into the greatest vices. The unmarried are more apt 
to have only a partial charity and ordinary virtues; they all must have the 
head high at the coronal region, that is the faculties of morality, with the 
reflective very large, like the head of our Saviour. 

Physicians must have strong body for enduring ; benevolence, destructive- 
ness, constructiveness, philoprogenitiveness, cautiousness large, and the intel- 
lectual faculties very large ; besides there is a particular feature at the su- 
perior lips (in the surgeons,) caused by the efforts which they make upon 
themselves to resist the impressions of the sufferings of others ; they must be 
good physiognomists. 

Lawyers must have a nervous temperament predominant ; they have a face 
large and animated, though a little pale, the eyes bright, quickness, very large, 
intellectual faculties, conscientiousness, destructiveness, benevolence, wit, com- 
bativeness eventuality, self-esteem very large, good lungs and voice. 

Teachers must have modesty, self-denial, sedateness of aspect, intellectual 
faculties very large, activity, good lungs, sanguine bilious temperament pre- 
dominating, adhesiveness, conscientiousness, philoprogenitivness, benevolence, 
firmness, self-esteem, destructiveness large, and be good phrenologists. 

Musicians, (see at the organ of music,) must have a predominant force of 
intellectual and affective faculties, when the amorous sentiment is affected in 
preference by the harmony of the sounds ; general outlines are rounded ; 
they must exercise their lungs in singing by degrees, in using the dumb bell 
and eating a raw egg before singing. 

Painters must show themselves good phrenologists ; they have large piercing 
eyes, dark complexion, thick eyebrows, earnest looks ; they must have a pre- 
dominant force of intellectual and affective faculties, when imagination prevails, 
3* 



30 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

they are subject to colic, for which they ought to keep lemon syrup- where 
there is a little sulphuric acid. (See at the organ of colour.) 

Military men have a stiffness in the walk, the look and the dress; the sel- 
fish sentiments are predominant with combativeness which gives the head a 
direction in bias, as if the top were drawn backwards; firmness, self-esteem, 
destructiveness very large; perceptive organs large. 

Tailors have their feet turned a little without, their breast narrow and 
sunken, their body bent before age, difficulty and uneasiness in attitudes : so 
are all persons who work at the needle. 

Shoemakers have their breast still more sunken, with stiff attitudes and 
motions, which bend their body before age, and an embarrassed and awk- 
ward gait, especially when coming out from work. 

Engravers,Goldsmiths, etc., have about the same characteristics, all the above 
trades must have configuration, measure and constructiveness very large. *~< 
Bakers have a pale face, body dry and middle ; they must take the morn- 
ing air and sleep in the middle of the day. 

Butchers have red faces, body big and fat from the nourishment they re- 
ceive by the smell and the gazeous particles of the meat. 

Blacksmiths,. Locksmiths have dark complexion, hard skin, strong sinews^ 
although not fat of body, and they have in common with the enamellors and 
glass makers, firm and strong wrinkles around each eye. 

Sailors walk with the legs very distant from each other, by the use of 
equilibrium they practice on ships, hard and earnest eyes ; they must have 
weight and concentrativeness very large. 

Farmers have dark or yellow complexion caused by the tanning of the 
sun, negligence in the countenance, large wrinkles and rough skin, they must 
have a muscular athletic temperament, constructiveness, inhabitiveness, philo- 
progenitiveness, adhesiveness, acquisitiveness and configuration very large. 

Labourers who work in the sun, have an habitual motion of the eyelids ; 
rough hands and skin, big lips, face sallow and harshly expressed, they must 
have measure, weight and constructiveness large. 

Mechanics in general must have constructiveness, imitation large ; mus- 
cular athletic temperament ; very large perceptive organs ; order, calculation 
and acquisitiveness large. 

Merchants in wholesale, have a light sprightly active body ; they must have 
acquisitiveness, hope, cautiousness, approbativeness, ideality, self-esteem, ad- 
hesiveness, and secretiveness very large. The merchants in retail have more 
approbativeness, a more humble countenance and some negligence in dress. 

Incomers, (people living upon their income and improperly called gentle- 
men, since that last word is an expression of English aristocracy,) are plain 
or coquettish according to their means or views ; if they speculate, they are 
discerned by their close lips, acquisitiveness and secretiveness very large 
and abused ; some have an easiness of attitudes, affability, air of protection. 
To all individuals in general, I advise taking a regular exercise in the open 
air, to use the dumb bells, to feed on a nutritious diet, to take rest, and diet 
themselves in case of indisposition, to use as little medicine as they can, to 
comfort themselves in their station, and to do all for the glory of God, (1 Cor. 
x. 31.) And, after having fulfilled our career, we will enjoy the eternal 
rewards in that heaven where there will be no other difference but that of 
tho degree of virtue. 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 31 

ARTICLE IV. 

Comparative Physio gnomony. 

Section 1. SEXUAL PHYSIOGNOMIES; OR, THE SEXES COM- 
PARED. — Man is the most firm, woman the most flexible. Man is the 
straightest, woman the most bending". Man stands steadfast, woman gently 
retreats. Man is serious, woman is gay. Man is the tallest and stoutest, 
woman the smallest and weakest. Man is rough and hard, woman is smooth 
and soft. Man is brown, woman is fair. Man is wrinkly, woman is even. 
The hair of man is strong and short, of woman more long and pliant. The 
eyebrows of man are compressed, of woman less frowning. Man observes 
and thinks, woman glances and feels. Man has the empire of the mind or 
reasoning, woman that of the heart or feelings. Man is broader at the 
shoulders and breast, woman is broader at the pelvis. Man has most convex 
lines, woman has most concave, Man has most straight lines, woman most 
curved. The countenance of man, taken in profile, is not so often perpen- 
dicular as that of the woman. Man is the most angular, woman most round. 

Women are more largely endowed with philoprogenitiveness, than men ; 
adhesiness is larger; combativeness, destructiveness and self-esteem not so 
large as those of men, veneration and colouring larger, locality smaller, heads 
smaller and voice shriller than those of men. 

Section 2. NATIONAL PHYSIOGNOMIES ; OR MEN COMPARED 
AMONG EACH OTHER.—There are five varieties of the human race. 

1. The European race, colour white, caused by a moist and cold country ; 
fair complexion, cheeks more or less red ; the head globular, the face straight 
and oval, the forehead slightly flattened, the nose narrow and slightly aquiline, 
the cheek bones unprominent, the mouth small, the under lip a little turned 
out, the chin full and rounded, the eyes and hair variable, the former generally 
blue, and the latter yellow or brown or flowing ; good and sound teeth. 

2. The Asiatic or brown man, colour yellow caused by a cold and dry 
climate, the head nearly square, the cheek bones wide, and the face generally 

. flat, the eyes black and small, the chin rather prominent, and the hair 
blackish and scanty. 

3. The American or red man, colour red or copper-like, caused by the 
acidity of the air, moist and hot or cold climate. The eyes are deeply 
seated, the hair black, straight and thick, the cheek bones less expanded and 
the face less flattened than in the Asiatic; this variety forms a middle point 
between the European and the Asiatic, and it is generally beardless. 

4. The Australian or tawny man, colour brown or mahogany like, caused 
by dry and hot climate, the head somewhat narrower at the upper part, the 
forehead somewhat expanded, the upper jaw slightly prominent, and the nose 
broad but distinct; the hair harsh, coarse, long arid curly ; this variety forms 
a middle point between the European and the African. 

5. The African or black man, color black caused by hot and moist or dry 
climate. The head is narrow, the face narrow, projecting towards the lower 
part ; the forehead arched ; the eyes projecting, the nose thick, almost inter- 
mixed with the cheeks, the lips particularly the upper one very thick, the 
jaws prominent, the chin retreated, the hair black, frizzled and woolly, the 
countenance approaches that of the monkey ; a peculiar strong smell. 



32 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

From the European varieties, come the principal following nations : 

1. The French, who are characterized by a high forehead, ideality, wit 
and approbativeness very large, by the expression of the nose, by their teeth 
and laughing; frankness, affability, liveliness, mobile countenance, great socia- 
bility, often swinging on the tiptoe; their trait not so bold as, and more deli- 
oate than, that of the English ; constructiveness, individuality, form, music, 
comparison, very large. 

2. The English, who are characterized by a short and well arched fore- 
head, eyebrows well expressed, roundness of form, undulated mouth, round 
full medullary nose, very seldom pointed ; self-esteem, cautiousness, firmness 
larger than those of the French. The Quakers and Moravians are generally 
thin lipped. The Scotchmen have a longer nose and jaw ; the Irishmen 
have generally a more ruddy and spotty complexion, thick and more project- 
ing under lip ; blue eyes and dark hair generally. 

3. The Spaniards, by a lean and small fine size and head, regular fea- 
tures, black eyes or fine eyes, teeth well arranged, sallow complexion. 

4. The Germans, by a nose expressive enough, by angles and wrinkles 
round the eyes and in the cheeks, the faculties of industry and sociability 
are very large, cautiousness and music are chiefly predominat. 

5. The Dutch, by the rotundity of the head, the weakness of the hair, 
a high forehead, half open eyes, full nose, coldness and circumspection, 
their faculties are all equally great. 

6. The Italians, by their nose large and energetic, small eyes, projecting 
chin, dark complexion, noble and mobile countenance, colouring and music. 

7. The Portuguese, by their indifferent countenance, dark complexion, 
full face, like the Spaniards generally. 

8. The Russians, by their snub nose, light colour or black hair. 

9. The Jews, by their hawk nose, curled hair, and negligence in dress. 

10. The Franco-Americans; they deviate from the French of the old 
country, according to the climate of America and the other inhabitants. In 
the north they are white, in the south they are dark. They are more 
rough, plain and talkative among the American Indians ; they are more 
phlegmatic among the Anglo-Americans, who are more numerous in the 
United States, and they are generally of dark complexion, more spirited 
and independent in their colonies. However, a great part of the Creoles are 
remarkable by their thin white face, dark hair, and fine shape. 

11. The Anglo-Americans ; they also vary from the inhabitants of the Bri- 
tish Isles according to the climate and the other inhabitants, they are plain 
and crafty with the Indians, they are silent, reserved and money making 
people in their colonies, they are more open, frank and sociable among the 
Franco-Americans ; they have generally bad teeth. 

\% The Hispano-Americans; they vary from the Spaniards and the Por- 
tuguese very little, only they arc more rough and violent among the Indians, 
they are in general open and lively, suspicious sometimes and generous. 

Section 3. ANIMAL PHYSIOGNOMIES, OR MAN COMPARED 
WITH ANIMALS. — All the animals beginning from the lowest scale, have 
an analogy of conformation with man, their prototype, the most perfect of 
all the centre and the container of whatever is good in them; that confor- 
mation is more approaching to that of man, as the animal is bigger, and pos- 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 33 

sesses more organs, or more apparatus, and thence more similarity in the 
several kinds of features. Therefore whatever several qualities are found in 
them with their peculiar kind of features, the same must be interpreted in 
man with that same kind of feature. Hence : a Face, 

1. Monkey-like, very close eyes, stumped and narrow nose, triangular 
chin, denotes imitation, skill, thievishness, dissimulation, lewdness. 2. Aqui- 
line or Eagle-like, or nose curved from the root of the forehead, pride, force, 
energy, desire of commanding. 3. Cock-like, nose concave below the fore- 
head, courage, vigilance, boldness, spiritedness, lewdness. 4. Owl-like, very 
large head, etc., sensuality, cowardice. 5. Sheep-like, woollen hair, high and 
retreating forehead, timidity, weakness. 6. Ass-like, long ears, round convex 
forehead, stupidity, silliness, imprudence, longevity, cowardice. 7. Horse- 
like, self complacency, patience, gentleness; if the nostrils are large, anger 
from pride. 8. Dog-like, mild black eyes, hanging ears, attachment, fidelity, 
impudence. 9. Hog-like, nose big at the end, narrow forehead, eyebrows 
drawn towards the nose, big upper lips and jaws : sensuality, brutish appetites. 
10. Frog-like, big eyes and roundness of forms ; talkativeness, monotonous 
chattering. 11. Lion-like, middle size head; fierce steady and staring looks, 
large breast, measured steps, prudence, generosity. 12. Parrot-like, nose 
curved near the forehead, under lip projecting, round eyes: memory and 
talkativeness without any sense. 13. Ox-like or Bull-like, large head and 
neck, square form, low forehead : cowardice, brutish appetites and motions. 
14. Bear-like, big projecting jaws, a big deform body; thickness, stupidity, 
wildness, gluttony, cruelty, talkativeness. 15. Cat-like, small square face with 
oblique eyes, treachery ; the little hole between the mouth and nose, denotes 
greediness and cruelty. 16. Rabbit-like, the nose forming the edge of the 
profile, retreating jaws and forehead; searching, agitation, nervosity. 17. 
Raven-like, nose a little curved at the forehead and forming a triangle : im- 
pudence, thievishness. 

The animals possess largely philoprogenitiveness, inhabitiveness, adhesive- 
ness, combativeness, destructiveness, secretiveness, acquisitiveness, construc- 
tiveness, self-esteem, approbativeness, cautiousness, benevolence, imitation, 
form, locality, number, language, etc., but no causality, they have fuller fore- 
heads as they are more tamed. 

CHAPTER IV. 

Special Physio gnomony. 

It contains three divisions : 1. The constituents of every physiognomical 
part of the body. 2. Those physiognomical parts. 3. The accidences rela- 
ting to the body. 

ARTICLE I . 

The Constituents of the Physiognomical parts of the Body. 

The constituents of every main or integrant part of the body are dis- 
tinguished into hard and soft parts. 1. The hard parts are tne bones, they 
are immoveable ; they give the quantity of power, or strength in action ; the 
longer they are, the slower their motion is ; the broader, the stronger ; the 
shorter, the quicker; the thinner, the more susceptibility a person has; the 
thicker, the more dullness. The bones grow till about the age of 28, some- 



34 



A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 



times sooner, sometimes later; those of the head take the form of the brain 
according to a mean proportion arising from the head of the parents and the 
culture of the faculties. 2. The soft or moveable parts indicate the use or 
abuse of the faculties of the cerebral organs in this sense, that the will, when 
it wants to act externally, forces, by the nerves, those soft parts to move ; and 
the facial region is the principal theatre of that action of the soul. The 
parts the most constantly actuated preserve the form and shape assumed and 
so we make ourselves our physiognomy. 

Those constituent soft parts are : the skin, the muscles, the nerves, the 
fibres, the vessels, the pulse, the blood, the cellular tissue : their accidences 
such as the colour and the form will also be mentioned. 

The skin, as well as the flesh, indicates by its apparent qualities nearly the 
same qualities in the soul caeteris paribus, or provided the craniological organs 
and other requisite conditions do not contradict. 



Tension of the skin. Tension of the soul. 



Dilatation 

Rigidity 

Blackness 

Redness 

Paleness 

Plumpness, 

Very sandy 

Moisture 

Thickness 

High coloured 



Dilatation 
" Rigidity 
" Strength 
" Irritability 
" Weakness 
" Sensuality 
" Courage 
" Sluggishness 
w Dullness 
" Propensity to anger 
and violence, 



Freshness of the skin 

Fairness " 

Darkness ■ 

Coarseness " 

Thinness " 

Sensibility " 
Heat 



Coldness 
Dryness 
Softness 
Wrinkles 



Freshness of soul. 

Delicacy " 

Firmness " 

Coarseness " 

Privation " 

Sensibility " 

Warmth " 

Coldness " 

Privation " 
Timidity, meekness. 
Troubles, application. 



The muscles give the intensity of action, as length or slowness; shortness 
or activity ; breadth or energy and application ; thickness or sensuality or 
dullness ; thinness or delicacy, or susceptibility. The fibres give activity, their 
shortness gives shortness of action, their breadth or thickness gives energy 
or intensity of action. The nerves exhibit the greatest or the least degree of 
sensibility or contractility ; as we have explained it in the introduction. The 
blood vessels and particularly the arteries, show by the circulation of the 
blood their greater or less vital activity. The cellular tissues indicate the 
greatest or the least weight in the action, according to their thickness or 
thinness. The exhalations from the body constitute a particular smell, which 
varies in all individuals, and which the animals and especially the dog knows 
so w T ell how to recognize. 

ARTICLE II . 

The Physiognomical Parts. 

Section 1. THE BODY. — Some divide the body into three regions: the 
head or the understanding, the breast and heart or the moral feelings, and 
the rest of the body or concupiscence, the body contains eight times the 
length of the head in a common individual. 

We must study first all the following physiognomies, and then, apply 
them to the test of the temperaments and craniological organs. 

The body inclining forward means prudence, secret saving, long anger, — in* 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 35 

dining backwards, stupidity, little memory, strength, mutability, — short and 
fat ; one is vain, envious, stupid, credulous, — long and rather fat ; one is coarse, 
dissimulated, — tall, straight, more lean than fat ; one is bold, avaricious, — tall, 
lean and slender; — one is vain, anxious, slow, liur, — small, lean and well 
made; prudence, good judgment. 

Section 2. THE HEAD. — It is divided into two part?, the cranium 
and the face. The head large with a small triangular forehead, denotes little 
understanding; and a shallow mind, if the scull is loaded with fat and flesh. 
If the occiput is compressed with a cavity, it denoted stubbornness and a 
weak mind. A head fat, small and round, denotes stupidity, — a little big on 
a small body, a good mind, — too big, coarseness, stupidity, — too small, 
weakness, silliness, — too round, frankness, activity, change, — too much 
elongateo 1 , slowness. 

In order to examine the head ; observe 1st, whether the head is about 
one eighth of the body. 2nd, the temperament, 3d, the craniological division 
into faculties of industry, of sociability, etc., (see section 3.) 4th, the measure 
of the craniological organs with the craniometer, to find the length from the 
medulla oblongata as a centre, and then with the callipers to ascertain their 
breadth. 5th, the inspection of the physiognomical signs through all their 
varieties, (the physiognomical tact acting the first.) 6th, the comparison of 
the face with the scull or the brain ; if the face is bigger, it denotes stupidity 
of mind; if smaller, aptness of mind. 7tb, the thickness of the scull which 
varies from 1-16 to 1-4 of an inch, the thinner the scull is the quicker the 
apprehension or the sensitiveness is, that thickness is ascertained by touching 
the orbicular plate of the eye. 

The following methods may be resorted to in addition. 

1. The facial angle. I draw down a line parallel to the inclination of the 
forehead, then another from the orifice of the ear, passing under the upper 
gums and reaching the other line. Then, the more obtuse the angle is at 
the intersection, the higher are the intellectual faculties, the more acute the 
angle is, the more the individual approaches the brutes, an angle of 65° 
is a good measure of talents; whereas in the facial angle of Camper, 
(which cannot be applied to negroes,) the line is to touch the most pro- 
minent part of the forehead, and then, the upper teeth; thus it takes an 
angle of 85° as the measure of talents, (see section 6, the measure of 
the forheead.) 

2. The equilateral triangle. I draw a line from the external orifice of the 
ear to the root of the nose, and it denotes the understanding; another line 
from the root of the nose to the pimple of the chin and it denotes feelings ; 
a third line from the most prominent part of the chin to the ear and it is 
called sensual appetite. Now when the triangle is equilateral it is the type 
of beauty; and the understanding, the feelings, or the sensual appetites will 
prevail, according to the length of the lines. 

3. The Silhouettes, or profiles cut out on black paper. Draw a horizontal 
line from the tip of the nose to the organ of concentrativeness; in a regular 
head, that line must not exceed in length another line drawn from the top of 
the head to the junction of the chin with the neck. We must exercise the 
physiognomical tact to examining silhoutte likenesses, because they exhibit 
more the natural dispositions than the actual state of them. 



36 A MANUAL 01* PHRENOLOGY. 

We must also exercise ourselves, to look at the profiles of persons ; and 
judge of them. Now a big head with all the craniological organs very large 
is more powerful in action, than a small head having the same organs very 
large and being both of the same temperament, because the latter is sooner 
tired than the former in its operations. A higher and narrower head will 
give more activity and not so much intensity and a wider and shorter head 
will give more energy and intensity. 

Section 3. THE CRANIUM. — The cranium constitutes the form of 
the brain ; and although it belongs to Physiognomony, as there is a differ- 
ence in the method of treating of it, we will discuss it in the 2nd part of this 
book, called Craniology. We will only mention here the six divisions or 
regions. 

1. The frontal region, the forehead, or the understanding, which comprises 
the superior part or reasoning, the middle part or observation and memory, 
and the superciliary parts, or the fine arts. 2. The sincipital or coronal re- 
gion A B C D, or morality. 3. The temporal region B C D F G, or in- 
dustry. 4. The occipital region A B F E, or sociability. 5. The basilar 
region or the base E F G H I K, or the region of the senses or sensuality. 
6. The facial region or the face. 

We must ascertain their bigness or smallness and judge accordingly with 
the other physiognomical parts. 

Section 4. THE FACE. — The face or facial region is the mirror of 
the soul ; it contains the expressions of the use or abuse of the faculties 
of man. 

It is generally divided into 3 parts : the forehead or the understanding ; 
the space between the root of the nose to the end of it or the moral feelings, 
and the space from the end of the nose to the end of the chin, or the animal pro- 
pensities. Then we ascertain the predominance of the faculties accordingly. 
The face open denotes frankness, simplicity, mildness, — round; simplicity, 
— square ; eccentricity, — harshly expressed ; choleric irascibility, — broad ; 
failing, in cunning, rashness, — smooth naturally ; cultivation of feelings, de- 
licacy, — smooth accidently ; hypocrisy, — small ; timidity,— thin ; suscepti- 
bility, dryness, weakness, — fat or fleshy ; sensuality laziness, — conic at the 
chin ; subtlety, cunning, — flat ; coldness, simplicity, — long ; perseverance, 
slowness, — firm; firmness, — thick; shame, — big; boldness, — narrow ; indo- 
cility, — lean or emaciated ; privation of enjoyments either by conscience or 
by sickness. 

The contours or outlines arched ; mildness, — rounded ; flexibility. 
Angles projecting ; energy, roughness, — fine acute ; acuteness, perspicacity. 
Lines angular; stiffness, — rectilinear; force, obstinacy understanding,- — 
curved ; weakness, flexibility, feelings. 

Section 5. THE HAIR OR BEARD.— The hair is the excrement of 
blood which shows more readily the constitution— short, black, coarse and 
curly, denote irritability and often one devoid of sensibility, — light, soft; gen- 
tleness, — reddish ; excessively good or excessively bad, — black, slank, thick ; 
force of mind ; a striking contrast between the color of a man's hair and his 
eyebrows must excite suspicion. 

Section 6, THE FOREHEAD.— The forehead is the measure of the 
capacities of the mind, and the moveable skin which covers it shows the use 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 3? 

t>r abust) vvc make of those capacities. The breadth of the forehead is equal 
to nine times the breadth of the thumb of the individual. We ascertain the 
advancing or retreating of the different organs of the forehead, by imagining 
a facial line drawn vertically and parallel, (not to the inclination of the fore- 
head as stated before for ascertaining other conditions, but) to the natural 
straight setting of the head on the shoulders. That line must touch the 
most prominent part of the forehead, and then I draw another line from the 
orifice of the car passing under the upper gums, and reaching the facial line. 
The right angle of 90° is the measure of talents. If the facial line leaves 
too much of the lip or of the jaw outside, the individul has his sensual ap- 
petites more prominent accordingly, although he may have a good under- 
standing, as it happens in some negroes. 

Let us now exercise our physiognomical tact. A forehead gently arched 
without a single angle signifies mildness, and sometimes want of energy; — 
smooth, open; peace of mind; — full of irregular protuberances; choleric tem- 
perament; — perfectly perpendicular from the hair to the eyebrows; utter de- 
ficiency of understanding ;• — perpendicular and arched at the summit ; pro- 
found, reflecting, cool mind; — rounded and projecting, as in children; weak 
mind; — rounding at the top and descending in straight line; great judgment, 
irritability, a heart of ice, melancholy; — narrow; a froward disposition; — 
inclining backwards without any jutting of the bones of the eyes; want of 
reflection ; — high ; capriciousness, but if the bones of the eyes project ; apt- 
ness to mental exertions, 

r I he wrinkles o^ the forehead mean the cares of the mind ; — irregular, 
horizontal and furrowed *, stormy passions, perturbation of mind ; — regular, 
horizontal, less broken, not so near the eyes ; old age ; — perpendicular ; energy, 
application; — transversely cut; laziness, want of perseverance; — only at the 
upper part; a look of amazement, approaching sometimes to folly. 

Lines horizontal at the junction of the nose and forehead: a harsh and 
unfeeling disposition. Deep perpendicular incisions between the eyebrows, 
with all other circumstances; strength of mind. The frontal vein appearing 
distinctly in the midst of a forehead open and regularly arched, denotes 
extraordinary talent. 

Section 7. THE EYEBROWS.— They have two principal motions, one 
by which they raise themselves, the other by which they turn dow T n in 
uniting. Those two motions express almost all the passions and are in ac- 
cordance with the two essential appetites of the sensitive life of the soul, viz; 
the concupiscible, such as the desires for sustenance, pleasure, etc., and the 
irascible, such as melancholy, distress, disdain, etc. The eyebrows gently 
arched denote modesty, simplicity; — small; a phlegmatic temperament; — 
horizontal; a masculine and vigorous character; — partly horizontal and partly 
curved ; energy and ingenuity ; — situated very high ; incapacity for reflection ; 
— angular, discontinuous; inventive genius; — uneven and disordered; great 
vivacity; — full, compact, well disposed and symmetrical; solidity of judg- 
ment, clear sound sense. A w 7 idc space between the eyebrows ; quickness 
of apprehension, calmness of soul. The nearer they approach the eyes, the 
stronger is the assurance of solidity and reflection. 

Section 8. THE EYES.— They are the light of the body, (see organ 
of sight, page 14, and chapter 3, page 20.) Their physiognomical value 
4 



38 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

resides in their situation, form, fixedness, mobility, colour and constant reception 
and emission of light and electro-nervous fluid. They declare the emo- 
tions of the soul in an indescribable manner. Every one must exercise 
himself to their actions, and familiarize himself with the following expres- 
sions : a benign look, a mild look, a wicked look, a look amourous, languish- 
ing, proud, rough, frightful, piercing, deep, sustained, etc., and when the 
physiognomical tact, is sufficiently exercised, it seldom fails to find out the 
conduct of an individual. 

The eyes blue denote generally a phlegmatic character, often feebleness 
and effeminacy; — black; energy; — grey; choleric disposition and then; the 
lids arc red, drawn back and sunken ; — hazel or brown ; vivacity and affa- 
bility ; — small; cunning, secrec} r , wit; — acute at the extremity near the nose; 
cunning and fineness ; — crossed diametrically at the ball by the upper lid ; 
subtlety, cunning ; — sunken, defect of verbal memory or depth, coeieris paribus; 
— projecting and big ; verbal memory, (see organs No. 38 and 39 craniology ;) 
— round ; simplicity, credulity ; — winking ; treachery ; — the lids which in- 
cline downwards when talking or looking; wickedness, falsehood, avarice, 
laziness ; — staring ; simplicity, boldness, irresolution ; — -dry ; great mind. — ■ 
bluish grey or saffron colour; often wickedness. (See page 25, line 36, etc.) 
Section 9. THE NOSE. — The nose is very often a great characteristic. 
It is the seat of derision, and its wrinkles that of contempt. 

A nose aquiline or roman, or curved at the root; shows imperious temper- 
ardent passions ; love of commanding, firmness in purposes, and ardor in 
the pursuit ;— -sharp pointed ; a passionate man ; — big and well formed ; chance 
of rising in the world ; — big and red at the tip ; very often intemperance, 
concentrated passions ; — -small ; one is regardless of character and appearance ; 
— middle sized; sense of one's character; — Grecian or straight with the 
forehead ; amiability, effeminacy ; — cock-like ; self-conceit, boldness, loqua- 
cious and bustling disposition; — small pointed and elegant; more judgment 
than wisdom; — stump; generally little wit or understanding: — snub; one is 
cunning, shaver, of infinite jest and excellent fancy ; — hook ; one is sly, in- 
sinuating, unfaithful, roguish; — with a wide ridge ; good and solid judgment 
superior qualities ; — with small nostrils ; timidity ; — with the sides of the nose 
flexible and perfectly disconnected ; a proneness to sensuality ; — arched; spirit 
of sallies ; — blunt ; obtuse mind and feelings. 

Section 10. THE MOUTH.~-The mouth is of all parts of the face, 
the only one which expresses more particularly the feelings of the heart. A 
mouth shutting or inclining itself by the sides, expresses complaint; — whose 
corners raise themselves; contentment; — carrying itself forward and raising 
itself at the middle; aversion; — -frequently shut with lips closed and strongly 
marked; precision, avarice;— closed, concealing the edge of the lips; appli- 
cation, crder and neatness ; — closed and turning up at the extremities ; affec- 
tation, arrogance, vanity and malignity. 

When the lower lip projects beyond the upper ; negative goodness, the 
Upper lip projecting a little ; positive or efficient goodness ; lips firm, firm- 
ness ; — weak and in motion ; weak and wavering character ; a large interval 
between the mouth and nose; want of prudence; full, distinct and well pro- 
portioned lips; a character hostile to falsehood, villainy and baseness, but with 
a propensity to pleasure ; lips thick and fleshy ; sensuality and slothfulncss, 
a characteristic of a phlegmatic temperament. 



PI1YSI0GN0M0NY. 39 

The teeth arc the symbol of cleanliness or neglect of it, acccording as one 
keeps them clean or not. 

Section 11. THE CHIN, CHEEKS, NECK AND EARS.— A chin 
advancing-, and projecting- denotes energy, tenacity of opinions ; — advancing 
and pointed ; craft; — receding ; carelessness about opinions, weakness; — angu- 
lar; a sensible mind and a benevolent heart; — flat; coolness of temper ; — 
smooth, fleshy, double; sensuality, lewdness; — small; timidity; — with a 
round dimple; good nature. 

The checks fleshy ; a proncness to sensuality ; — large and coarsely fur- 
rowed; ill nature and brutality; — with a triangular hollow; envy, jealousy. 

The neck long; gentleness; — short and thick, especially if the veins should 
be conspicuous; a very passionate and sensual man. 

The ears large and big; simplicity, laziness, although a good memory; — 
small ; good judgment, secrecy, prudence. 

Section 12. THE REST OF THE PARTS OF THE BODY.— All 
the parts below the head are not so important; but as they have relation to 
the vegetative life and constitute what we call pantomime, their interpretation 
may make up for a conclusion by way of majority of the same signs. 

Any part big and fleshy; sensuality; — thin; activity of feelings, sensi- 
bility; — large; strength of body or dullness; — small; weakness; — hairy; 
lewdness; — unhairy; weakness, delicacy, simplicity; — regular; regularity of 
feelings ; — irregular ; irregularity ; — long ; coarseness ; — short ; solidity, quick- 
ness of motion; — rough and furrowed; roughness; — soft; delicacy. 

So the shoulders, the arms, the hands, the breast, the stomach, the ribs, 
the thighs, the knees, the legs and the feet, may be approximatively interpre- 
ted, according to the above rule. 

A bump on the back shows a man prudent, coveton*, deceitful and witty 
by practice. A bump on the breast means a double heart, mischief, more 
simplicity than wisdom. 

ARTICLE III. 

Accidences relating to the Body, 

1. THE AGE. — It modifies the body according to its period. In in- 
fancy, the lymphatic and the nervous constitution predominate ; all is inno- 
cence and play. In the second childhood, the lymphatic diminishes 
and the digestive apparatus is more active, with the muscular system, in 
puberty, the genital system is predominant, and there is a revolution in the 
mind and in the feelings; all is pleasure and enjoyment, whether for good or 
for evil. In adolescency, the sanguine system predominates. In virility, the 
digestive apparatus is the most prominent; all actions are done through ambi- 
tion. Old age is showed by the langour of the functions and by the sus- 
ceptibility, dryness and weakness of the body. 

The age or duration of life may be ascertained by the degree of depres- 
sion of the temporal bones and the projection of the cheek bone, (which are 
signs of a carnivorous or ferocious appetite, according to their development,) 
and in a skull, by the degrees, besides, of the bending of the branches of 
Jower jaw which form with the body cf the bone an angle of 90°. 



40 



A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY, 



hood. 



Yo'th 

or 
adult 
age. 



The following tabic shows the different periods of life (in the male,) phy- 
siologically considered, for the climate of France, and with the lymphatic 
temperament. 

Child- \ ^ St l* r * w ^ fr° m 1 to ? years ; the last number indicates the first cli- 
materic or critical epoch of change, 
2nd period, from 8 to 14 or to the time of 2nd dentition, 
'Puberty, 3d period, from 15 to 21, or to the 2nd climateric epoch ; 
change of voice ; beard ; enlargement of the breast. 
Adolesceney, 4th period, from 22 to 28, or to the maximum of the 
heighth and width of the bones; apparition of the last grinders 
and of the frontal sinus. 
Increasing Virility, 5th period, from 29 to 35, the temporal cavities 

begin to show, 
confirmed ( ^ih period, from 36 to 42, the maximum of the human 

or strength begins, and lasts till 49 years, 

stationary \ 7th period, from 43 to 49, or to the 3d climateric epoch, 
Mid'le virility. | or to the maximum or middle of life; then, cessation 

or «{ ^ of menses, sexual inability, 

mat're elderly age, f" 8ih period, from 50 to 56, wearing out of teeth ; the 
age. or J hair turning grey. 

decreasing j 9th period, from 57 to 63, or to the 4th climateric 
virility. ^ epoch ; depression of the temporal bones. 

i 10th period, horn 64 to 70, by the loss of teeth, the mouth 
is more retreating, the nose grows more aquiline, the 
chin is more projecting, and its distance from the nose 
is shorter of 1-6. 
Confirmed ( 11th period, from 71 to 77, general dryness of the body, 
Old , or j great susceptibility, incapability of bearing much, 

age. ' stationary | \%th period, from 78 to 84, or to the 5th climateric epoch ; 
old age. (^ general exhaustion, last period of real life. 

( 13th period, from 85 to 91, a kind of vegetative 
Caducity J life, the sensibility is almost lost. 

or I 14*A period, from 92 to 98, state of imbecility and 

decrepitude. (^ infancy preceding the end of life. 
If there were not so many circumstances influencing the course of our life, 
we could ascertain the period of it ; but those periods vary in duration in 
several kinds of individuals, and according to their constitution and acci- 
dental diseases. Therefore we must modify the above table in the following 
manner : The period of women is shorter of 10 years than that of men; puberty 
(3d period,) which is indicated by the change of voice, etc., arrives at 9 years 
in the hottest climates, at 15 in France, (as in the table,) and at 18 in Denmark, 
Russia, etc ; the 3d climateric epoch comes at 35 in the torrid zone and 
gives 70 years of life ; at 49 in the temperate zone, (as in the table;) and at 
21 in the glacial zone, and it gives 42 years of life. The lymphatic consti- 
tution is more vivacious and has 98 years of life, (as in the table); the san- 
guine has 90, the bilious has 80 and the nervous has 70 years of life. Ex- 
cesses in pleasures, diseases according to their acuteness and duration, shorten 
the life according to the greater degree of sensibility of the nervous system 
and must be taken in account by the physiognomical tact, and by the rule 
^iven above the table, upon the supposed age of the present appearance. 



PHYSIOGNOMONY. 41 

If a person wishes to know llie period of his life, he must attend to all 
those circumstances ahovc mentioned, and then, suppose he is over 25 and 
he recollects that his maximum of height was at that age, he says : As the 
maximum of height marked 28 in the tahlc is to the last epoch or 98 mark- 
ed on the table: so my maximum of height which was at 25 years, is to the 
number of years to live. Hence: 28 : 98 : : 25 : x. Then : ~~ = 

87 years, G months; and the first climatcric epoch will be: 8 7 y-> g " 1 - == 

J l 1 periods 

6 years, 3 months. Now suppose he changes into the nervous temperament 
after his 25 years, then add 70 years to 84 years G months, it will make 
154 years G months, which you divide by the 2 circumstances, and it gives 
77 years, 3 months. Recollect to allow 14 periods to every calculated or 
supposed duration of life. If a woman wishes to know the duration of hor 
life, and she docs not rec.Ilect any event of her life; she is living in the 
torrid zone and she is of a lymphatic temperament, which make 2 circum- 
stances. She, then, calculates for every circumstance 10 years less than the 
man's duration, thus; 1st: torrid zone. 70 years less 10, equal 60. 2d : lym- 
phatic temperament 98 years, less 10, equal 88. 60 + 88= 148; then 148 di- 
vided by the 2 circumstances give 74 years of life, and whether she has been sick 
or not, if she appears to be 20 years and she says she is 25 ; then we have 
the last proportion: 20 : 74 : : 25 : x. Hence - — ^-—- = 92 years and 6 
months 

2. The Size. A tall size ; proneness to pride and raising above others. — 
Short, a proneness to jealousy, simplicity, eye service ; other circumstances 
being equal. 

3. The Voice. If it partakes of that of animals, it is assimilated to the 
same character. It can be divided into dragged or drawn, forced or effected, 
natural (or articulated without effort or laziness.) Hence we may infer the 
character or the present disposition which is, either not near enough the truth, 
or beyond the truth, or truth itself. The voice may be soft, strong, tremb- 
ling and exhibits the same epithets. A voice that sustains itself in singing, 
shows either judgment or hypocrisy. 

4. The Breath strong and violent ; great mind, and vice versa. 

5. The Laughing, great, foolishness; easy— simplicity ; scarce — constancy, 
prudence, subtlety. The smile shows judgment or irony. 

G. The Walking, slow with large steps: slowness of memory, coarse- 
ness. — Quick with small steps: promptnefs, delicate capacity. — Slow with 
measured steps : judgment, reflection. 

7. The Moving, all the motions of the body are made according to the 
temperament and the character of the individual. A motion made unnatur- 
ally or unnecessarily : indiscretion, vanity, inconstancy, falsehood. Motion 
in speaking ; either prudence, plainness or pride. 

8. The Gestures, they go in accordance with the walking and the voice, 
they are natural or unnatural: that is; they exhibit truth or falsity. 

9. The Dress, each fashion, each colour, each cut of a coat has something 
particular which becomes better such an individual rather than another, such 
form of a hat, for instance, will describe wonderfully an individual in his true 
character rather than another form ; cleanliness and neglect, simplicity and 

4* 



{■2 A Manual of phrenology. 

magnificence, good and bad taste, presumption and decency, modesty and 
shame are recognised by the dress. 

10. The Writing, the motions of the hands and fingers are the most deli- 
and the most varied of all the motions of the body. There is a na- 
il writing, a schoolmaster's writing, an original writing. The type 
ny of them may show either boldness, vacillation, order, cleanliness, 
force, delicacy, slowness, speediness, freedom, beauty, ugliness, disorder, 
> . mmetry, neglect, laziness, looseness, vanity of ornaments, pride, ostentation. 

LI. The Style, such as we are, such speech and such writing and style we 
whibit. Style dry and hard with a large perpendicular forehead: cut, in- 
terrupted, sententious, original, with a projecting frontal sinus. Style vivid, 
precise, agreeable and strong with a middle raised forehead regularly arched. 
>rvle flowing, light, without depth, with a spacious, rounded forehead. 

12. The Human Works, each work bears the workman's character; but 
:t is only a musician who can better judge of the character of another by his 
:nusic ; a painter, by his paintings, etc., each individual is the best judge in 
his own profession or trade. 

PART II. 

CRANIOLOGY. 

Craniology is the science of eranioscop}'. Cranioscopy is the interpreta- 
tion of the faculties of man by the inspection of the cranium, or : it is the 
ascertainment, by measurement with the craniometer, of the quantity of the 
brain (from the medulla oblongata as a centre,) or of the amount of those 
faculties, and how far they can extend, when cultivated ; but we cannot as- 
certain, except with probability, whether or not, and how far they have been 
cultivated, without the aid of Physiognomony. See at the end of the Intro- 
duction. 

Those faculties are innate and primitive, and we prove it by the following 
facts : We see a faculty exist in one kind of animal and not ia another. A 
faculty varies in the two sexes of the same species. It is not proportionate 
to the other faculties of the same individuals. It does not manifest itself 
simultaneously with the other faculties : that is, it appears ar.d disappears 
earlier or later in life than other faculties. It may act or rest singly. It is 
propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children; and at last, it may 
singly preserve its proper state of health or disease. 

The smallness of an organ or faculty is a defect ; the bigness a good qual- 
ity, (all cceteris paribus,) and the abuse, a vice. The abuse of an organ does 
not appear by its absolute size, otherwise, Providence would have created us 
with innate vices, which it would be almost impossible to eradicate as theor- 
ran would not decrease, but after the individual has been able, for a very 
long time, to deprive that organ from acting, or from being stimulated in its 
cultivation ; but experience teaches us that all the organs large or small can 
be abused more or less. That abuse although it may be greater in propor- 
tion to the size of the organs, takes place : 1st, by the overstimulating action 
'A external agents such as the inhalation of oxygen gas, animal and mineral 
magnetism, the contact of pleasant objects, etc. 2nd, by the undue continu- 



CRANIOLOGY. 43 

ity of action of that organ which failed to be counteracted or modified either 
bv other external agents, or by any other organ, or by conscience or the re- 
flective faculties. 3rd, by the controlling power of a larger organ or by the 
habit of that abuse, which impresses upon the nerves of that organ its stamp 
or its series of molecular vibration, etc. Then, the abuse repeated will im- 
press upon the physiognomy of the person some indices showing a deviation 
of the features from the individual type or primitive form. 

The exercise upon an organ is analogous to the exercise upon the body. 
A proper exercise neither too much nor too little, increases the size of any 
exercised part of the body ; but too much or too little exercise will bring de- 
crease or decay or even swelling, according to the constitution, or the degree 
of sensibility. Now, as too much exercise is abuse, it follows that the abuse 
will more often play on the sensibility of the nerves, which have received 
for that abuse a certain vibratory determination. The constitutional frame 
of a man being made up according to the form of the parents, and the im- 
agination of the mother at the time, the type of that man is already given 
and started, and nature pursues its plan of increase according to that type ; 
so that children inherit the moral and physical qualities of their parents ; but 
that plan of nature is modified by several circumstances. They are among 
others. 1st, the absence from parental home and thereby the contracting of 
other habits, 2nd, the* education which perfects or perverts the plan of nature, 
increases the organs by a proper mental and bodily exercise, or diminishes 
them by no exercise or too much exercise. 3rd, the diet, which either in- 
vigorates and increases the body, or weakens and diminishes it, according to 
its being either wholesome and nutritious, or scanty, too much or too little. 
4th, the diseases which impoverish the body and therefore the organs. 

The combination of organs follow these rules : the largest organs want 
to be satisfied before the rest, unless the external circumstances are opposed 
to it. A larger organ can control a smaller, and is a cause or mjtive of ac- 
tion of the latter. An organ may control one, and, at the same time, be 
controlled by another. Thus : If acquisitiveness is larger than adhesiveness 
and love of approbation ; you translate acquisitiveness by its verb to acquire 
and say : it is the desire to acquire the objects of the other organs that is, 
friends and reputation. If self love is larger than that same acquisitiveness ; 
then it shall be the inclination to self act upon or to refer to ourselves the ob- 
jects of the rest of the organs ; that is, the possession of friends and repu- 
tation ; the largest organ being called the first motive of action, we say ; it 
is through self love that such a person likes to possess friends and reputation. 
Our actions are a very complicated result of all the causes which act upon 
us either internally or externally, and which can influence our will ; the will 
determines itself by all those causes examined and weighed by the under- 
standing. In that our liberty consists. In the animals, in which the number 
of organs is very much restricted, liberty is a mere spontaneity, determined 
by the irritation of such or such an organ ; man, on the contrary, in whom 
the plurality of organs has reached its maximum and makes a plurality of 
motives, becomes susceptible of a greater number of sensations and ideas, 
finds in himself more organs which enlighten him, or more motives for avoid- 
ing to follow blindly such and such desire, such and such propensity ; (we 
must recollect that the action of an organ can destroy neither the impression 



44 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

it has received from another nor the action which is the necessary conse- 
quence o it,) then, as the excitation or stimulation falls upon many organs 
at once, cquiponderaiices are established and there follows a sort of pondera- 
tion whu h modifies the awaken faculties, solicits reason, sets that reason in 
balance against desires, fortifies the will and communicates it the power of 
resisting ; so much for our free will. 

The r nriber of faculties is given in this part in a determinate quantity, 
but it is certain by analogy and by Phreno-magnetism that there are inter- 
mediate organs, which act as modifiers between one faculty and another. 

There are two kinds of faculties, the affective or those of the heart and 
the intellectual or those of the understanding. Memory is the effect of the 
impress! ns left in the brain by the exercise of all the faculties and especially 
the intellectual. Feeling is the effect of the impressions left in the brain by 
the exercise of all the faculties and especially the affective. The heart is an 
active or giving faculty, the result of the combinations of the acts of the 
will, and the mind is a passive, receiving or intuitive faculty, the result of the 
perceptions and reflections of the understanding. 

ORDER I. 

Affective Faculties. 
GENUS I. Animal propensities, or wants of the individual. 

Faculties of industry (on the temporal region), common to men and ani- 
mals. They stimulate and impart efficacy to the other faculties. From No. 
1 to No. 7, they are organs of preservation especially, and the rest are organs 
of prudence. 

Section 1. Individual or selfish instincts, having a tendency to the satis- 
faction of the body with regard to external objects. 

f Organ of the Vital Force. Located in the superior part of the 
spinal marrow ; it takes its greater energy as the oval occipital hole is broader, 
which is discovered also by a thick round neck. 

t Organ of the Physical Sensibility. Located above the organ of 
the vital force ; it gives fluttering and instantaneous motions which degene- 
rate into susceptibility and irascibility ; it gives the degree of the tempera- 
ments. 

1. Vitativeness or Biophily. Sense of physical or organic life, instinct 
of self preservation. Very small. — Cares nothing about life or death, existence 
or annihilation ; insensibility to sufferings and death. Small. — Indifference, 
coldness towards living. Rather small — More affected by the consequences 
of death than by a love of life. Moderate.— -Love of life, yet not a great 
anxiety about living. Fair, common, passable or rather full. — Attachment to 
life and fear of death, yet not a great deal. Full. — Desire for life but not 
eagerly, from love of it and pleasures. Rather large. — Tenacity for life great 
care for health and life. Large. — Dread of death, all is used to obtain the 
greatest security of life. Very large. — Shuddering at the thought of death 
and of the privation of the world. Abused, perverted or over stimulated by 
internal or external agents. Dislike to expose one's self in the least circum- 



CRANIOLOGY. 45 

stances, cowardice, poltroonery. Physiognomised or mimicked. — One often 
and suddenly withdraws from the least object the end of which he knows not. 

2. Alimentiveness on Gustativeness. Instinct of nutrition, of hunger 
and thirst, of appetite, of physical obligation; sense of tastes, odours and 
flavours; eating- and drinking-. Very small. — Ignorance or indifference 
about getting one's victuals. Small. — One docs not care much whether and 
what he eats and drinks. Rather small. — One is particular and delicate, cats 
for living or for other motives. Moderate. — One is temperate and sober from 
the constitution of his stomach. Fair. — Observes the quantity and quality 
of aliments yet with relish. Full. — Has a governable appetite though he 
enjoys. Rather large. — Is choicy and fond of the taste and flavours of 
things. Large. — Hearty relish for food and drink. Very large. — Very keen 
appetite, eats and drinks plenty without any choice. Abused. — Luxurious 
refinement, love of good cheer, one lives enly to eat and drink, epicurism, 
gluttony, drunkenness. Physiognomised.— Expression of greediness, big and 
lat face or under jaw, fleshy and double chin, large mouth and lips. Com- 
bined. — With conscience or the reflective organs larger, temperance and so- 
briety by conscience or reason. 

N. B. Between Alimentiv. and Vitativ. there is an intermediate organ 
which we may call Aquativeness or instinct for water such as in washing, 
drinking, swimming. 

3. Acquisitiveness. Instinct of physical or intellectual property ; no- 
tion of mine and thine ; propensity to acquire wealth, knowledge, power, etc. 
Very small. — Ignorance of the value and use of things. Small. — Aptness 
to give away property and to be idle. Rather small. — Disregard for the 
price of things and for sufficient livelihood or knowledge. Moderate. — Thinks 
more of supplying his wants than of heaping up. Fair. — Can acquire 
property cr knowledge, and spend. Full. — Is industrious about acquiring 
money or knowledge. Rather large. — Good economy and saving, particular 
in his dealings. Large. — Good management of property, closeness and ex- 
actness in trading. Very large.-— Will put his solicitude to acquire and keep 
money or knowledge by all possible means. Abused. — Unceasing notions 
of aggrandizement, covetousness, stinginess, ambition, avarice, plagiarism, 
cheat, gambling, usury, theft. Physiognomised. — Head a little advancing, 
expansion of the eyes, hands open ready to receive and slow to give, a long- 
ing and sad air. 

4. Destructiveness. Instinct of physical or moral destruction ; severity 
and energy of character, propensity to destroy what is hurtful. Very small. 
— Inability to inflict or witness a pain. Small. — One is effeminate, puerile 
and weak. Rather small. — One spares what should be destroyed or pun- 
ished. Moderate. — Has some severity at the beginning ; but lacks force to 
go on. Fair. — Can put down common obstacles that do net afford great re- 
sistance. Full. — Has a sufficient severity; but it requires to be roused. 
Rather large. — One is able to exterminate great nuisances, hurtful obstacles 
and opponents. Large. — One is ready to censure and punish the guilty, 
may like hunting. Very large. — One is habitually severe, energetic and 
strong in destroying what is hurtful. Abused. — Austerity, moroscness, mis- 
chief, anger, sharpness, raillery, revenge, cruelty, cursing, blackguardism, 
love of executions, of fires; murder. Physiognomised, — Face with project- 



46 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

ir.g angles, contracted eyebrows, piercing and spying eyes, a hoarse voice, 
abrupt motions. Combined, — With hope smaller and cautiousness larger 
and abused ; suicide. 

5. CoMBATivEXEss. Instinct of self defence and resistance, protection of 
rights and property, physical courage, efficacy of character. Very small. — 
One is passive, inefficient, chicken-hearted. Small — One is a coward, in- 
clined to yield or to surrender. Rather small. — Is not able to accomplish 
much and is easily overcome. Moderate. — Will defend himself to a certain 
extent, but will sometimes shrink a little. Fair. — Is able to take his rights 
and contend, but will avoid collision. Full. — Is ready to meet opposition 
and to endure sometimes. Rather large. — Has courage in dangeis, battles 
and hardships. Large. — One has love and vigour in fencing and fighting, 
or in debating and pleading. Very large. — Is brave, spirited, magnanimous 
and likes to court the greatest oppositions. Abused. — Quarrelsomeness, spirit 
of opposition and contention, aptness to enkindle strifes, to get into a passion, 
to fight, to challenge by duels. Fhysiognomised. — A resolute air, closed lips 
and fists, firm posture, threatening eyes ; round, petulant and impatient coun- 
tenance. 

6. Secretiveness. Sense of secrecy, propensity to secrete and keep 
thoughts, feelings, plans to one's self. Very small. — One is very unreserved, 
indiscreet and blunt. Small. — Is plain, open hearted in his manners and 
speech, and easily taken in. Rather small. — Is generally unable to keep his 
feelings and thoughts, a long time. Moderate. — Is able to keep some things 
secret whilst he divulges others. Fair. — Does not like to be detected in his 
views, and can to a certain extent, avoid exposing himself. Full. — Is able 
to keep his thoughts secret with very few exceptions, except if he is reused 
to the contrary. Rather large. — Knows how to conceal and keep secrets 
generally. Large. — Tact, reservedness, discretion, propriety, savoir-faire* 
Very large. — Great mental control on thoughts and action. Temperance, 
sobriety in words, christian modesty. Abused. — Dissimulation, slyness, cun- 
ning, cavils, falsehood, hypocrisy, deceit, disposition to plead the guilty in or- 
der to know the truth. Fhysiognomised. — Pointed chin, small and acutely 
cut eyes, taciturnity, archness and continual change of looks. 

7. CoxsTRUCTtvEXEss. Instinct of construction, sense of physical per- 
fection, of arts and industry, of architecture ; mechanical ingenuity. Very 
small. — Inability to perform any work. Small, — Dislike for undertaking, 
unskilfulness. Rather small. — Is not capable of construction ; but does not 
dislike it. Moderate. — Has some relish for using tools and practising, but 
not dexterously. Fair. — Has a little capacity for constructing and compos^ 
ing. Full. — Can to a certain extent show a sufficient skilfulness. Rather 
large. — General ability in the use of tools, pens, instruments, pencils, knives, 
needles, etc. Large. — Practical knowledge, dexterity, skilfulness, Very 
large. — Very expert at composing in any mechanical or fine arts. Abused. — 
Imprudent expenditure of time and money in useless constructions, or inven- 
tions, one likes to cut and carve any object, like a piece of stick, for instance. 
Fhysiognomised. — Hurriedness of manners, readiness and ingenuity of the 
looks, apt and easy waving of the hands; the face full of bones and cartilages. 

8. Cautiousness. Instinct of prudence, deliberation, foresight, appre- 
hension of dangers, steadiness of character. Very small, — Great inattention. 



CfiANIOLOGY. 47 

thoughtlessness, blindness. Small. — Carelessness, rashness, imprudence, pre- 
cipitate conduct. Rather small. — One disregards ultimate consequences, is 
not afraid of risking. Moderate. — Is disposed to pay some attention before 
lie acts, but soon fails. Fair. — Has some caution in his actions and words. 
Full. — One is capable of prudence and forethought in order to ensure suc- 
cess. Rather large. — Has general foresight, carefulness. Large. — Dqc hesi- 
tation and procrastination in business. Very large. — One is very solicitous 
about consequences, doubts methodically. Abused. — Anxiety, suspicion, fear, 
timidity, irresolution, low spiritedness, melancholy, dread of sickness, use of 
but's and if's. Fhysiognomised. — An air of solicitude and divided attention, 
restless and inquisitive eyes, slowness in speaking and writing. 

* Watchfulness. Instinct of vigilance, circumspection, active cautious- 
ness. Very small. — Great dullness for moving and acting. Small. — Indif- 
ference, one does not care about what may happen. Rather small. — Lazi- 
ness about beginning to watch one's actions. Moderate. — Aptness to watch 
one's actions, but not persevermgly. Fair. — One is able to be on the look 
out for his conduct. Full. — One is well disposed to circumspection, and can 
show some vigilance. Rather large. — One is ready, active, watchful, ex- 
amining, on the alert. Large. — One has a guard over his actions and those 
of others. Very large. — One is very circumspect about one's own and others' 
actions, gestures, talk, etc. Abused. — One is too particular towards others, 
always watching them without any right or reason, neglects his time in 
watching upon triflings. Physiognomised. — The eyes quick, always open 
and moving anxiously about, the head ready to turn around, a meagre face. 

n. b. Amative ness, No. 9 may be added here as a physical enjoyment of 
the individual with regard to any external objects, or in other words as the 
stimulus of the desires of the flesh. 

Section 2. Individual sentiments or selfish propensities, having relation to 
the satisfaction of the soul with regard to external objects. — They are Cau- 
tiousness No. 8, Concentrativeness No. 11, Self-Estem No. 13, Approbative- 
ness No. 14, Firmness No. 16. They often form a prominent feature on 
the superior occipital region of the head, they unite a little of industry, of 
sociability and of morality. Those organs small, mean a person devoid of 
character, resolution and prudence; — large, one has an inflexibility of cha- 
racter and goes to his end with prudence and measured steps. 

GENUS II . — Sympathetic Feelings. 
Wants of the Species, or Instincts of the Individual with relation to his Species. 

Section 1. INSTINCTS OF SOCIABILITY.— Situated in the occi- 
pital region and common to men and animals. 

9. Amativeness. Sense of Physical love, (situated in the basilar region,) 
instinct of the sexual union, concupiscence of the flesh, generative energy. 
Very Small. — Passive continency, dislike for pleasures. Small. — Indiffer- 
ence, if not unkindness to the other sex and to pleasures. Rather Small. — 
Repugnance for the physical love of others. Moderate. — Pays some attention 
and regard to the other sex. Fair. — Is fond of the other sex, and likes their 
society. Full. — Enjoys himself well with talking and chattering with the 
sex. Rather Large. — Tenderness and love for the sex, conjugal love. 



48 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

Large. — Disposition to physical enjoyments by matrimony. Very Large.-** 
Readiness to enjoy pleasures at every occurrence, delight in them. Abused, 
— Misplaced or hopeless love of the creature, looseness, licentiousness, ob- 
scenity, immorality, criminal lewdness, profligacy. Physiognomiscd. — Lively 
countenance, sparkling eyes, thick and short neck, lips gently dissevered, 
head and body drawn backwards. 

10. Piiiloprogenitiveness. Sense of the love of offspring, paternal and 
maternal love, fondness of children in general. Very small. — Total dislike 
for children. Small. — One cannot bear from children and their plays. 
Rather small. — Indifference for the care and prattle of children. Moderate. — 
One takes some care of his children only provided they are not bad. Fair. 
— One will love his children whilst he does not care about those of others. 
Full. — One is tender though not indulgent, will nurse willingly. Rather 
large. — Parental affection, one likes to have a family. Large. — Pleasure in 
beholding, caressing and petting children. Very large. — One has great care 
and love for children and shows his attentions at every occurrence. Abused. 
— Excessive indulgence, pampering and spoiling of children, unjust and in- 
ordinate solicitude about them. Physiognomised. — A prepossessing and en- 
gaging countenance, which attracts the instinctive regards of children, a 
pleasing tone of voice. 

11. — A. Concentrativeness. — Instinct of concentration, the centre 
point of inhabitiveness, love of solitude, continuity and application of the 
faculties in one point. Very Small. — Quickness and frivolity. Small. — One 
passes from one subject to another without digesting it. Rather Small. — One 
fails to connect and carry out his ideas. Moderate. — Can think and feel 
intensely, yet not long. Fair. — Is neither disconnected nor prolix, and can 
change his subject. Full. — One can attend to one thing at once, but not in 
every occasion. Rather large. — Dispositions to abstract reflections and to 
retaining. Large. — Steadiness and continuity of internal action, attention. 
Very large. — Intense application and power of retaining ideas and feelings. 
Abused. — Remains too long time on the same subject, resentment, confusion 
of ideas and feelings, abstractions of the soul, eccentricity, separation from 
society. Physiognomised. — Intentness of aspect, slow moving eyes, medi- 
tative and ruminating countenance, eyes sunken. 

11 B. Inhaeitiveness. — (A name I give to tw 7 o organs.) Instinct of 

physical height, for the spot between concentrativeness and self-esteem, and 
instinct of home for the spot between concentrativ., and philoprogenit., they 
are like two intermediate organs to concentrativeness, as the Physical height 
relates a good deal to self-esteem, we can interpret it accordingly ; but the 
love of home will be here our principal subject. Very small. — Dislike of 
home, of convent, or of physical height. Small. — Indifference about choos- 
ing a home, love of change. Rather small. — One is at home every where, 
likes to move and rove. Moderate. — One stays at home sometimes, but will 
change for another home. Fair. — Has some attachment for his home, or 
for going on high places. Full. — Is fond of home, yet can leave it will- 
ingly. Rather large. — Attachment to family and domesticity, or to high 
places, hills, etc. Large. — Patriotism, one grieves at quitting his country or 
family. Very large. — One loves dearly home, family and country, and is 
ready to sacrifice all for them. Abused. — Home sickness, melancholy, one 



CRANIOLOGY. 49 

prefers staying- at home to the performing of his duties, nostalgia. Physiog- 
nomised. — Activity and agility in the countenance to reach home, or to go 
upon high spots, a certain gait and gestures familiar to the act of reaching 
home, domestic habits. 

12. Adhesiveness. Instinct of sympathy, attachment, affection, friend- 
ship, inclination to adhere to any object. Very S?nall.-~-Onc is cold hearted, 
wild, selfish, unsociable. Small. — One is a stranger to friendly feelings, not 
communicative. Rather small. — One likes few and is liked by few, has a 
little indifference. Moderate. — One likes friends, and still will often quit 
them. Fair. — One shows feelings to friends and society without much ex- 
pense or risk. Full. — One is warm-hearted and sociable to a certain extent. 
Rather large. — Fidelity, zeal, sincerity towards friends and society. Large. — 
One has a genuine affection, tenderness and condescension for friends. — 
Very large. — Is very fond of society, will sacrifice greatly for it. Abused. 
— Mania, indiscriminate attachment, regret for worthless persons, animals, 
objects, one is blindly opinionated. Physiognomised. — Open and ingenuous 
countenance, cordial and confiding manners, head gently inclined sideways 
and backwards. 

13. Self-ness. Sense of self, character, of moral property, height and 
life. Self-love, self-respect, self-esteem, self-satisfaction. Very small. — 
Self-degradation, lowness and meanness of manners. Small.— One is self- 
diffident, servile, low-minded, no respect for one's self. Rather small. — One 
associates with inferiors, lets himself down, no decorum. Moderate. — Tries 
to show some manly feelings, but does and says trifling things. Fair. — 
Has some sense of character, some self-respect. Full. — Has a good sense of 
one's self, and cares for one's conduct. Rather Large. — Is independent, will- 
ingly takes responsibilities. Large. — Ton, decorum, gravity, seriousness. 
Very large. — Nobleness and dignity of manners, command in one's actions 
and words. Abused. — Pride, self-sufficiency, boldness, presumption, self- 
conceit, arrogance, contempt, insolence, egotism, jealousy, love of power, of 
domination, frequent use of the emphatic I. Physiognomised. — High and 
straight head, eyelids a little compressed, nerves and muscles expanded. 

14. Apfrobativeness. Sense of moral property and life. Love of ap- 
probation, of reputation, honour and glory. Very small. — Roughness of man- 
ners, incivility, egotism. Small. — No regard for the good or ill will of others, 
shamelessness. Rather Small. — One cares little for fashion, etiquette, public 
favour. Moderate. — Is disposed to show some intention to please, yet is not 
affected by the success of it. Fair. — Likes approbation, but will not sacrifice 
much for it. Full. — Desires and seeks popularity, and feels censure. 
Rather large. — One is courteous, affable and likes to deserve esteem. Large 
— Emulation, delicacy of feelings, tries to deserve praise and applause. 
Very large. — Is very condescending, attentive and polite, acts for honour and 
glory. Abused. — Vanity, ambition of distinctions, love of dress, of show 
and ceremonies, jealousy, envy, point of honour, dandyism, sycophancy, too 
much use of the looking glass. Physiognomised. — Graceful swinging of 
the head on cither side, much compliment, spying what others say of us, or 
whether they admire us, always fixing one's hair, playing the graceful. 

Section 2. SENTIMENTS OF MORALITY.-— Or regulating feel 
ings of the heart, (sincipital) or coronal region). 
5 



SO A MANUAL OF PfiRENOLOGf . 

15. Conscientiousness. Sense of moral obligations, of justice ans$ 
©quity, of duty, of right aud wrong, conscience. Very Small. — One is an 
enemy to, and despises, moral principles. Small. — Is regardless of truth and 
justice. Rather s?7iall. — Consults expediency rather than duty. Moderate. 
— Temporizes with principles, feels he must do right. — Fair. — Tries to resist 
besetting temptations, sometimes conquers, and sometimes is conquered* 
Full. — Disposition to obey the dictates of conscience, and,, if failing, feels re- 
morse. Rather large. — Frankness, candour, probity, gratefulness, faithful- 
ness. Large. — Is innocent, upright, honest, obedient, penitent. Very large. 
— Has a true sense of merit, of fault, of repentance and of penance, and 
practises strict justice towards his neighbour. Abused. — Extreme scrupu- 
losity, severity of judgment, unnecessary remorse, agonizing apprehension 
at the least faults. Physiognomised. — Sedatencss of aspect, hands rising and 
failing slowly, calm and deliberate motions, a peculiar mild archness of look* 
and earnestness of tone. 

16. Firmness. Sense of determination in purpose, decision of character, 
energy in the behaviour, perseverance, fortitude. Very small. — One is very 
fickle, inconstant, yiel'ding. Small. — One is weak, irresolute, and a prey to 
circumstances. Rather small. One is too vacillating to effect much or to 
be relied upon. Moderate. — Makes up his mind about persevering, but soon 
gives over. Fair. — Shows some steadiness and patience; but it is of 
short duration. Full. — Perseveres enough in ordinary occasions,, but fails in 
greater ones. Rather large. — Has steadiness and constancy enough to be 
relied upon. Large. — Fortitude in enterprizes and dangers, constancy, steadi- 
ness, energy. Very large. — Great patience, stablity and magnanimity, 
greatness of soul. Abused. — Wilfulness, obstinacy, .inflexibility, unyielding- 
ness, stubbornness, unwillingness to change an opinion though false. 
Physiognomised. — Imperative dictation, voice distinct and emphatic, calm- 
ness in sudden emergencies, face with projecting angles. 

17. Caritativeness or Benevolfnce. Sense of mental or moral love* 
charity of the neighbour, feelings of actions. Very small.— One is very 
rough, hard hearted and insensible. Small. — Is illiberal and disregards the 
sufferings of others. Rather small. — Is selfish and feels little sympathy for 
distress. Moderate. — Will speak of generosity and will seldom act accordingly. 
Fair. — Has a desire for the happiness of others without doing much for it. 
Full. — Has feelings for others and will do something towards their good. 
Rather large. — Willingness to sacrifice something for the benefit of others. 
Large. — One is meek, hospitable, liberal, kind, compassionate. Very large, 
- — Is very generous, merciful, ready to alleviate the helpless. Abused. — 
Is too simple-hearted, easily influenced, lead to help the undeserving, and is 
profuse in money, girts, etc. Physiognomised.— V o\ce soothing and harmo- 
nious, cheerful and conciliating manners, ingenuous smiles. Combined. 
- — Large with wit large, suavitiveness, pleasantness. 

18. Venerativeness. Sense of religion (practical or speculative) theoso- 
phy, inclination to a religious worship, veneration, reverence for superiority in 
general,, Very small. — Impiety, no acknowledgement of any God or of 
any superiority. Small. — Little regard or respect for God, parents, old age* 
magistrates. Rather small. — Aptness to innovation, feels little religion„ 
Moderate. — Has a desire to be religious, but may temporize with the world, 



CRANIOLOGY. 3i 

Fair, — Has some religion, which may be often more speculative than practi- 
cal. Full. — Treats his equals with regard and his superiors with deference. 
Rather large. — Respect for virtue, talents, ruins of antiquity. Large. — Piety, 
reverence, fervency and awe at church or in assemblies or before superiors. 
Very large, — Sublime devotion to God as the supreme being, great admiration 
for virtue, talents, etc Abused, — Bigotry, fanaticism, superstition, rigid ad- 
herence to obsolete customs, idolatry, veneration for worldly titles and vain 
objects. Physiognomised. — A high head, a grave and serious air, looks and 
hands directed towards heaven. 

19. Marvellousness. Sense of faith or of moral sustenance, wonder, 
supernaturality, mystery, belief in miracles and in Providential interferences. 

Very small. — Skepticism, incredulity, a step to atheism. Small. — No belief 
without demonstrative evidence, wants a reason for every thing. Rather 
small, — One will reject new things without examining, wants facts in order 
to see about believing. Moderate* — Likes to know the why and how 
of things, yet listens to evidence. Fair. — Is open to conviction, and will 
believe some. Full. — Can conceive the evidence of supernatural things. 
Rather large, — Believes generally in the mysteries of his religion. Large, 
— Has a firm belief in Providence and in its interference. Very Large, 
— Humility, voluntary submission of reason to any doctrine authentically 
revealed by God, or to any principle believed by most of men. Abused, 
— Credulity, simplicity of mind, enthusiasm, passion for the mystical, belief 
in witchcrafts, dreams, ghosts, spells, fortune-telling 1 , etc. Physiognomised^ 
— Low and confidential voice, frequent looks of amaze, an air of mystery, 
of unction, of fright, etc. 

20. Expectativeness. Sense of moral courage, hope, the exercise of 
faith, bright anticipation of success and of a future happiness. Very small, 
— Despair, one has no hope of success. Small* — Feels reluctance to risk 
any thing", magnifies difficulties. Rather small, — Is easily discouraged, dis- 
heartened, low spirited. Moderate, — Expects and attempts a little, succeeds 
sometimes. Fair, — Has some hope and speculates. Full, — Has great 
hopes, yet realizes about what he expects. Rather large. — Confidence of 
fuccess in speculations, rises above troubles. Large. — Hope, expectancy of 
prosperity either temporal or spiritual. Very large. — Great reliance on the 
goodness of Providence and on one's success. Abused. — Ideal happiness, 
ovcrsanguine expectations, inconsiderate speculations, one is visionary, full 
of projects. Physiognomised. — Cheerful countenance, elastic steps, content 
and tranquil looks, head elevated, hands suddenly rising. 

ORDER II. 

Intellectual Faculties. 

They are receiving faculties, and they bring forth knowledge, sciences and 
arts; they are among the animals in an incomplete state. 

GENUS 1. Faculties of perception, observation, and memory, which 
produce the fine arts and physical sciences. 

Section 1. PERCEPTION OF THE EXISTENCE AND PHYSI- 
CAL QUALITIES OF THINGS, or faculties of speciality and application. 



52 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

21. Individuality. Perception of the individuality of tilings, or of what 
belongs to a tiling without reference to origin and effect, sense of things, of 
distinctions, the claw of the mind. Very small. — One is stupid and silly. 
Small. — Fails to take notice of men and tilings. Bather small. — Fails to 
observe minute objects and sees things in the gross. Moderate. — Can ob- 
serve some, but does not attend sufficiently to particulars. Fair. — Remarks 
every thing he meets with, yet does not desire after them. Full. — Can per- 
ceive well enough, and desires to ascertain the what is it. Rather large. — 
Likes to examine and try every thing. Large. — Practical knowledge of 
every thing, educability. Very large. — Great memory of particulars read 
or heard, quick sight of things. Abused. — Superficial knowledge of facts, 
curiosity, gazing and making undue and continual remarks on every person 
and thing. Physiognomised . — An air of interest in occurences, the reverse 
of abstraction, busy body, striking the forehead with the hands. 

2*2. Configuration. Perception of the shape, form and figure, memory 
of persons and things by their form. Very small. — One is unable to judge 
of the form of things. Small. — One always forgets the shape and figure of 
the same persons and things. Rather small. — Fails to recognize those lie 
sees often. Moderate. — Recollects persons and things, only when he has 
seen them several times. Fair. — Can remember some kind of persons and 
things. Full. — Can learn how to spell, read and write well enough. Rather 
large. — Can learn drawing, engraving, mineralogy, crystallography. Large. 
Capacity for botany, natural history and physical sciences. Very large. — Great 
talent for succeeding in all the branches above mentiond. Abused. — Recol- 
lection of persons superficially without study of character, love of caricatures 
fastidiousness in the shape of trifles* Physiognomised. — Intensity of the 
eyes towards the nose, falling of the internal angle of the eyes, rubbing of 
the eyebrows inadvertantly with the fingers, as if stimulating the organ. 

23. Measure. — Perception of the size and proportion of bodies, capacity 
for perspective, geometry, surveying, etc. Very small. — One is unable to 
judge of measure. Small. — Can hardly distinguish between a rat and mouse. 
Rather small. — Judges very inaccurately of the magnitude of things. — Moder- 
ate. — Can measure short distances, but fails in long ones. Fair. — Can judge 
of the size of things but with some inaccuracy. Full. — Can calculate or- 
dinary and familiar size and distances* Rather large. — Can measure lengths, 
widths, depths, and heights by rules. Large. — Measures well by the eyes, 
can survey lands, etc. Very large. — Can excel in perspective, geometry, tri- 
gonometry, etc. Abused.— A too great and silly eagerness to view and de- 
scribe the vast and stupendous works of nature and art, whilst neglecting the 
smaller and not less beautiful objects. Physiognomised. — If the organ is 
impaired, it gives birth to certain hallucinations before a dim light, the eyes 
and hands in motion. 

24. Weight. Perception of the momenta and mechanical resistance of 
bodies, sense of equilibrium, tactility, gravitation. Very small. — One will 
stumble at the least encounter. Small. — Will have dizziness in the head upon 
running water or from heights. Rather small. — Will understand very little 
of weight and equilibrium. Moderate. — Will preserve his centre of gravity 
on the ice, but will seldom venture to go too far. Fair. — Will understand 
how to judge of the weight of common things. Full — Can judge with 



CRANIOLOGY. 33 

his hands and sometimes with his eyes, of the weight and specific gravity of 
bodies, generally. Rather large — Can understand sliding*, skating*, dancing, 
playing ball, leaping-. Large. — Can succeed in horse riding-, swinging-, gym- 
nastics, archery, staticks. Very large. — Can excel in engineering, water, 
steam and wind works, navigation, etc. Abused. — Overstraining in heaving 
of weights, feats of horsemanship, rope-dancing and tumbling tricks which 
may endanger life. Physiognomised. — Firm and quick step, dexterity in 
works of arts, the hands and body seem to exhibit agility, nimbleness, elas- 
ticity. Combined. — Targe with construe, config. and causality large: a ma- 
chinist; and besides with measure, individual, local, and calcul : an engineer. 

25. Colouring. Perception of colours, discrimination of their relations 
and varieties, inclination to enjoy natural and artificial beauties. Very small. 
One can scarcely tell white from black. Small. — Will mistake in dis- 
tinguishing the primary colours. Rather small. — Will not perceive the va- 
rious shades in paintings. Moderate. Can compare colours more by art than 
by nature, but forgets. Fair. — Can discern colours on flowers, images, but 
seldom notices them. Full. — One will detect defects of colour in paintings 
without being able to paint well. Rather large. — One has a natural taste 
for arranging colours. Large. — Can succeed in mingling colours, varying 
their hues. Very large. — Can excel in painting, enamelling, mosaic works. 
Abu$ed.-rK faulty exuberance of colours, predilection for violent contrasts 
end gaudy colours. Physiognomised. — An air of admiration and liveliness 
for the productions of nature and arts, gazing looks before a luxuriant meadow. 

Section 2. PERCEPTION OF THE RELATIONS OF THINGa 
— Faculties of observation. 

26. Order. Perception of the ordinal relation of beings, sense of ar- 
rangement and classification, of method, order and symmetry. Very small. 
Confusion, uncleanliness, disorder. Small. — One leaves things as they hap- 
pen, and is not able to find out their place again. Rather small. — Does not 
trouble himself enough about the order of things. Moderate. — Likes order 
and may keep it a little but allows sometimes confusion. Fair. — May show 
some order in his ideas, words, actions, the place of things. Full. — Under- 
stands how to keep generally every thing, every idea, in its proper place. 
Rather large. — Knows how to order and classify every thing or idea. Large, 
Is precise and particular about classifying objects, etc. Very large. — Is very 
systematic and regular in his habits, etc. Abused. — Silly precision, fasti- 
diousness, one is too particular, becomes irritable and angry at slight deviations 
from the rules. Physiognomised. — An involuntary impulse in some persons 
to arrange scattered articles and to stare at objects, till they see them in their 
place. Some also show order by the cleanliness of their teeth, clothes, and 
by their regular and symmetrical fitness. 

27. Number. Perception of the relation of numbers, sense of quantity, 
capacity for mathematics. Very small. — One is unable to ascertain numeri. 
cal results. Small. —Forgets numbers, can scarcely add figures together. 
Rather small. — Is unfit for mathematics, can scared}* understand the first 
four rules. Moderate. — Can understand about the half of arithmetic. Fair. 
Will understand arithmetic so so, some geometry and some algebra. Full. 
Will calculate well enough, and understand the above branches well enough, 
and even trigonometry. Rather large. — Will go well through all the ele- 

5* 



54 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

mentary course of mathematics. Large. — Capacity for physical sciences, 
and for the differential and integral calculus. Very large. — Can be a good 
mathematician, and have talent for all branches connected with mathemati- 
cal researches. Abused. — An eccentric fondness for calculation leading to 
abstractions of the mind, and a habit of enumerating on every thing without 
any practical utility. Physiognomised. — A peculiar motion of the eyes, ab- 
sorption of the mind, so far as to fall into confusion and distractions about 
the common things of life. Combined. — Very large with No.'s 22, 23, 24 
and 30 very large, a perfect mathematician. 

28. Music. Perception of the relations of sounds, sense of harmony 
and melody, recollection of tunes. Very small. — One has a savage breast 
incapable of being soothed. Small. — Is unable to raise two tones of the 
gamut. Rather small. — Is unable to retain tunes or to perceive harmony. 
Moderate. — Can sing by note, but will scarcely understand the gamut. Fair. 
Can understand the general rules of music, has a taste for it. Full. — Can 
learn vocal music, and with constructiveness large : instrumental music. Ra* 
ther large. — Capacity for catching tunes, and learning music well. Large. — 
Ability to catch and retain any tune, to detect discord and harmony. Very 
large.—>- Musical talent, quickness to compose music with success. Abused. 
—Incessant and rediculous efforts for the attainment or discovery of varied 
sounds, music mania, a habit of always whistling or singing. Physiogno- 
mised. — A sort of upward and lateral motion of the head while listening or 
accompanying music, Combined. — Laige with Nos. 7, 29, 32, 38 very large 
and a hearing perceiving well the sounds, it makes a perfect musician in voice 
and instruments. 

29. Time. Perception of the relation of the present, past and future, 
sense of duration, observation of the interval and succession of things. 
Very small. — One cannot recollect time, nor his age, nor even the date of 
the present day. Small. — Neither keeps nor recollects time, is not punctual. 
Rather small. — Can seldom tell when a thing happened. Moderate. — Will 
remember only a few common epochs, his age, dates, etc. Fair. — Will re- 
collect some dates, months, epochs, but not with accuracy. Full. — Can re- 
member the time past to a certain extent, can keep time a little. Rather 
large. — Can observe time well, in business, appointments, music, events, etc. 
Jjxr&e. — Has ability for chronology and for understanding the succession of 
events that he has seen or read. Very large. — Can be a good chronologist, 
keep time very well in music, singing, fencing, poetry, etc. Abused. — Time 
mania, too much keeping of time in music or dancing, etc., rather than to 
indulge in the softness of music. Phijsiognomised. — A readiness to beat time 
in all^one's actions, as in walking, singing, playing, etc.; c\ery thing in mea- 
sure and cadence. 

30. Locality. Perception of the relative situation of persons and things. 
Local memory, sense of the relation of spaces. Very small. — One has no 
geographical or local recollection. Small. — Does not observe where he goes 
and cannot find his way back. Rather small. — Has a very little geographical 
knowledge, and often gets lost. Moderate. — Recollects poorly where persons 
and things are located. Fair. — Will remember common places and still is 
liable to lose himself. Full. — Will notice places, seldom gets lost even in a 
forest. Rather large, — Likes to travel and can give his ideas and words theiv 



CRANIOLOGY. 55 

proper place. Large. — Ability to locate in one's mind any place, thing-, per- 
son, lesson. Very large. — Talent for perspective in landscapes, for geogra- 
phy, good local memory. Abused. — Curiosity, caprice, fondness to see new 
persons, new things and places, crractic habits, moving about, change of trade. 
Physiognomised. — Restless motions, the hands and arms ready to show some 
place, the index raised before the eye or on the organ. 

Section 3. PERCEPTION OF ACTIONS OR OF THE SIGNS OF 
IDEAS BY ACTION AND WORDS.— Intuitive spirit. 

31. Eventuality. Perception of the general relation of things. Intui- 
tive observation of a concatenation of ideas belonging to any event or action 
read or seen. Spirit of observation, sense of phenomena. Very small. — 
One forgets all events even the most publicly known. Small. — Forgets al- 
most every event, generals as well as particulars. Rather small. — Has a 
treacherous and confused memory of occurrences. Moderate. — Will remem- 
ber a little what he sees, but not so well what he reads. Fair. — Can recol- 
lect the generality of events well enough, and what he sees and reads. 
Full. — Has a good memory of occurrences yet forgets some particulars. 
Rather large. — Docility, fondness for newspapers, books, information. Large. 
— -Educability, retentive memory of history, talent for narration and conver- 
sation. Very large. — Perfectibility, great talent for historical and scientific 
facts. Abused. — Needless prying into matters, private history, tales of scandal, 
personal anecdotes which may be pernicious. Physiognomised. — Curiosity 
evinced 'by children especially (in their watching eyes) to know stories and 
tales, and to inquire what has happened. 

32. Ideality. Perception of the beautiful in the connection of ideas, 
spirit of imagination, sense of ideal perfection of the exquisite and sublime, 
power of forming ideal pictures. Very small. — One is plain and uncouth. 
Small. — Is unrefined, regardless of beauty and delicacy. Rather small.— 
Discovers little in nature and arts to awaken his feelings. Moderate. — Has 
some but not much imagination, is a little plain, etc. Fair. — Has some re- 
gard for the beautiful, yet lacks more taste. Full. — Has some refinement of 
feelings, of expressions, etc., without a vivid imagination. Rather large. — 
Fine conceptions, emotions of feelings, one is an admirer of the wild and ro- 
mantic. Large. — Great taste for poetry, eloquence, literature, painting, mu- 
sic, etc., arts and sciences. Very large. — Sublimity, ectasy, raptures of the 
soul at contemplating the grand and awful nature, or the works of arts. 
Abused. — Sickly delicacy and taste, overwrought sensibility, enthusiasm, 
eccentricit}', wild flights of fancy, love for pomp, dress, novels, fictions ; 
visions, abstractions, neglect of the solid of life. Physiognomised. — Intelli- 
gent features, eyes glancing and subject to a rolling motion, light or unsteady 
head, careless and singular habits. See imagination, page 9. 

N. B. Constructiveness, No. 7, may be added here, when considered as a 
perception of construction in the fine arts. So we may add as perceptions, 
Imitation No. 36, Wit No. 37, Onomasophy No. 38, and Glossomathy No 39. 

GENUS II. Faculties of reflection, or of philosophical sciences; the 
regulating powers of the mind. 

33. Comparison. Power of analogy, judgment, acuteness, comparative 
sagacity, unlimited extension of the mental flight. Very small. — One is 



56 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

cilly and dumb, perhaps insane. Small. — Want of judgment and discrimi- 
nation. Rather small. — One fails most often to perceive and compare the 
relation of things. Moderate. — Will perceive only obvious similarities and 
differences. Fair. — Can observe and discern but mistakes often. Full. — 
Discriminates, compares and illustrates well enough. Rather large. — Judges 
well, uses similies and differences in speaking- and writing. Large. — Ana* 
lyzee, criticises well, and isc^ figurative expressions with ease and advan- 
tage. Very large. — Abounds and excels in comparisons, metaphors, allego- 
ries, analogies, Abused. — Is lead to sophistical reasoning by unsound 
comparisons, satirical and infelicitous analogies. Physiognomised. — Atten- 
tion at the first notice of things, arms often crossed upon the breast, the cyei 
fixed on the object to grasp. 

34. Causality. Power of reasoning, ideology, metaphysical penetration, 
logic, depth of the mind, spirit of analysis, of abstracting and of generaliz- 
ing, method d posteriori, that is proving the cause by the facts which are tho 
effects and by which we ascend to the cause. Very small.— Ignorance, folly. 
SmaU. — One is weak and imbecile, cannot think. Rather small. — Fails to 
comprehend the why and how of things. Moderate. — Is slow of re- 
flection, and is not always very clear. Fair. — Likes to investigate, can 
understand some. Full. — Can perceive causes, draw common inferences 
from principles. Rather large. — Has common sense, reasons well on the 
nature and effect of things. Large. — Can lay good plans, readily adapts 
good means to ends, reaches the causes and effects of every thing. Very 
large. — Has great depth, invention, originality, genius. Abused. — Wants 
to prove every thing, and is lead to dogmatism and abstract speculations, des- 
titute of practical application. Fhysiognomised. — Calm and silent counte- 
nance, ail the body motionless, the eyes fixed and turned towards heaven, 
the eyebrows knitted. 

35. Philosohusm. Power oi inductive observation, human reason, con- 
ception, comprehension of the mind, spirit of synthesis, intuitive sense of the 
relative concatenation of things, method a priori, that is, proving the facts 
or the effects by the cause. Very small. — Blindness of understanding. 
Small. — Incapacity for serious studies, superficiality. Rather small. — One 
has insulated notions of things and cannot unite his ideas. Moderate.— One 
may understand a little by synthesis, yet will succeed by analysis. Fair.— 
Can comprehend some by induction and perceive a series of causes with their 
consequences. Full. — Can perceive some abstract and remote relations of 
things. Rather large. — Can understand human nature by intuition or by a 
quick induction. Large. — Has a physiognomical tact upon almost every 
thing upon nature, discovers and embraces at once its secrets. Very large. 

The philosopher, who has an intuition of the sublime and vast series of 

the phenomena of the universe. Abused.- — Confused and mystified reason- 
in^s, perplexing efforts to find a suitable agent for every operation, as to 
alchymy,ctc. Fhysiognomised. — Motionless countenance, a breathing almost 
stopt, an absorption of the mind into cogitations, eyes fixed or closed. 

GENUS III. Faculties of communication, or of expression by language. 

36. Imitation. Spirit cf imitation, sense of sympathetic language, apt- 
ness to describe or make like another, pantomime, theatrical ability. Very 



CRANIOLOGY. 57 

small. — One is unable to imitate. Small. — Has a singularity of manners 
for want of imitating. Rather small. — Dislikes or fails to copy, draw or do 
after others. Moderate. — Has a difficulty to take pattern, yet will imitate, 
but poorly. Fair. — Will copy or imitate some person, good example, some 
art, yet without being able to mimick. Full. — -.Can describe, relate anec- 
dotes in personifying but with some efforts. Rather large. — Can copy and 
imitate gestures, sounds, words, meelianical process. Large. — Can personify, 
mimick very well and speak with good gestures on a stage. Very large. — 
Will imitate perfectly any action, style, sound, etc., in any art and sciences. 
Abused. — Likes to play the buffoon, the monkey, to make a farce, and to 
render every thing comical. Physiognomised. — Expressiveness of manners 
in repeating or mimicking what has been observed or learnt, in taking the 
ton of others or in falling into their temper. 

37. Wit. Spirit of mirlhfulness, perceptions of ludicrous gaiety, satiri- 
cal merriment, causticity, intellectual destructiveness, sense of antipathetic 
language, or pointing out differences amidst resemblances. Very small. — 
Moroseness, peevishness. Small. — One is unable to make or take a joke. 
Rather small. — Dislikes jokes, and is slow in perceiving any contrast or puns. 
Moderate. — Is sober about puns, has a little wit, yet lacks quickness to ex- 
press it. Fair. — Can perceive some contrast, take a joke and still not like 
to take as much from others. Full. — Has some wit, mirth, sallies and re- 
partees. Rather large. — Has a share of mirth and will express it with tact 
Large. — Has a gay and quick perception of the ludicrous and incongruous. 
Very large. — Has a keen delight and tact in jovial sarcasms, epigrams, satire. 
Abused. — Mirth at the expense of others, frivolity and levity of mind, apt- 
ness to rail at religion, morality, to scoff at every thing. Physiognomised. 
— An arch knowing look, a sort of half smile, affected and unnatural ges- 
tures, acquired by counterfeiting others, in order to ridicule them. 

38. OiNOMASoniY. Sense of the language of words, perception of the 
artificial signs of a science or language, ability to retain all kinds of words 
without any reference to their logical connexion. Very small. — One is an 
idiot. Small. Incapacity to recollect the names of persons and things. 
Rather small. — Difficulty to learn by heart or to remember names except 
some few. Moderate. — One inquires for the names of persons and things, 
and remembers some. Fair. — Can recollect a certain-quantity, of .names 
in languages or sciences, yet with some deficiency. Full. — Has a good 
store of names and words which he uses with some advantage. Rather 
large. — Taste for languages and sciences, where there are many names or 
nouns to retain. Large. — Verbal or nominal memory, capacity for natural 
history, medicine, mineralogy, etc. Very large. — Has a very great command 
of names in any science or language which he has learnt. Abused. — Ver- 
bosity in speaking and writing, a mania of reciting pieces, prattling, talka- 
tiveness. Physiognomised. — Motionless intensity of looks, eyes full or big 
and projecting forward, eyelids and globe of the eyes drawn a little forward. 

39. Articulated Language. Sense of the language of thoughts, glos- 
somatny, Polyglottism, perception and memory of the expressions of any 
language. Very small. — Stupid taciturnity caused by the want of that 
organ. Small. — Incapacity for expressing one's self. Rather small. — Diffi- 
culty to follow one's thoughts, to study grammar. Moderate.-— One can 



56 A MANUAL OF PHRENOLOGY. 

write his thoughts and express them with common words. Fair, — Cud ex- 
patiate some time on common subjects. Full. — Shows his faculty of speech 
with advantage, is free, though not copious. Rather large. — Has ability for 
rhetoric, history, the nature of languages. Large. — Can be a linguist, ha» 
a good memory of languages and talent for eloquence. Very large. — Can 
be a greatPhilologlst, a sublime rhetor and an affluent improvisator. Abused. 
— Untimely making of speeches, too much volubility in speaking, a passion 
to interpret the meaning of others, impatience at interruptions when speak- 
ing, bombast and unnecessary digressions. Physiognomised. — Eyes purse- 
Det-like upwards, the ball pushed downward, forming a bag or folding in the 
icwer eyelid, eyes big and projecting, graceful attitudes and gesticulations. 

PHRENOLOGICAL INDEX. 

Temperament. 
Health. 

Sleep and Dreams. 
Pulse. 

The Age and Probability of Life. 
Physiognomical Aspect, 
Education. 
Talents. 
Profession. 
Religion. 

Moral Constitution. 
Moral Defects. 
Moral Remedies. 
Diseases. 

State of the Tongue. 
" u Lungs. 
" u Stomach. 
" " Liver. 

11 " Bowels. 
" " Heart. 
Physical Remedies. 
Diet. 

Suitable Country. 
Mode of Living. 

The things of this world havebeen created for our use. Let us uss ihim with 
moderation^ but let us not abuse them. 



ERRATA. 

title Page. Physiognomony and Craniotomy may he read : Physiognc- 
mony blended with Craniology. 

Page 4. Line 39, after the words of the icill % place a semi-colon instead 
of a comma. 

Page 5. Line 40, the electro nervous fluid, add : taking it from its re- 
servoir the brain, and acting-, as it were, like the brass knob in an electrical 
machine. 

Page 5. Line 48, explain?, read: explain. 

Page 9. Line 45, I use animal electricity, rea d : I use mineral electricity 

Page 12. Line 4, <Pj7t; read: ^yg',?. 

Page 18. Line 38, achievments, rejd : achievements. 

Page 21. Line 43, magistrates and in the good, etc., read: magistrates, 
and in coupling the good, etc. 

Page 24. Line 12, read this : which come by too great and close a ten* 
won or by too long an application, etc. 

Page 27. Line 7, faith, (marvcllousness) read: faith (marvcllousness). 

Page 28. Line 31, Then the community, etc., leave off then and begin a 
new paragraph thus: A community may then begin, etc. 

Page 29. Line 24, the unmarried are more apt, read: the married arc, etc 

Page 32. Line 19, p edominat, read: predominant. 

Page 34. From the last line to the end of page 36, place a semi-colon 
before every quad. 

Page 36. Line 32, accidently, read: accidentally. 

Page 39. Last line, continue the sense thus : in old age; for, in child- 
hood, the branches are scarcely indicated and arc almost parallel to the body 
«f the bone. 

Page 41. Line 7, read: the fraction thus : ^~^-~ ^ 

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